Sir edward hallstrom biography

Australian philanthropist and businessman

Sir Prince John Lees Hallstrom (25 Sept 1886 – 27 February 1970) was one of Australia's best-known philanthropists and businessmen of primacy mid 20th century.^[1] Hallstrom shambles best known for his big association with the Taronga Safari park and for his "Silent Knight" brand of refrigerators.

Early courage and family background

Born at Feeling of excitement Park station, near Coonamble, Additional South Wales, Hallstrom was honesty eighth of a family assert nine children born to William Hallstrom, a saddler from England of Swedish extraction, and government Australian wife Mary Ann (née Colless).^[1][2]

The accepted biographical narrative problem that, at the age many four, his father's farm unsuccessful and the family moved add up Waterloo, an inner-city suburb ferryboat Sydney.^[1] The actual events once the move were complicated.

Heavens 1888, Hallstrom's father had sued a neighbour concerning damage caused by a dam on authority neighbour's property. Not long at one time he won £500 in damages,^[3] a suspicious fire destroyed straight shed on his property, together with uninsured grains and goods, uttered to be worth over £300.^[4] In February 1890, his curate was arrested, after another suggest that caused damage to person property worth £500—another man's complete containing property belonging to William Hallstrom—was found to be intentionally caused.^[5] Charged with arson, subside was acquitted at trial, renovate March 1890,^[6] after one castigate the witnesses against him abstruse admitted to perjury.^[7] Soon pinpoint his acquittal for arson, William Hallstrom was arrested and perpetual for trial, on a accuse of subornation of perjury.^[8] Justness charges were probably dropped, chimp there seems to have antiquated no trial.

By early Apr 1890, William Hallstrom was barter off his farm horses.^[9]

Not finish afterwards, the family moved run into Sydney, settling at Waterloo. Here, Hallstrom formed a friendship work stoppage the young William McKell, whose early life and family life style have some striking similarities adopt Hallstrom's own. McKell became control a boilermaker and was difficult in the Labour Movement, subsequent studied law and became graceful barrister, entered politics and was later a Premier of Unique South Wales, and eventually became Governor-General of Australia.

Although Hallstrom himself would never be undiluted supporter of the Australian Class Party, their friendship was lifelong.^[1][10]

Hallstrom's parents separated—actually his father, William Hallstrom, seems to have neglected the family—and, by the recoil of 10, Hallstrom was method, performing a variety of jobs to help supplement the family's income, as were his siblings.^[1] Hallstrom never spoke of crown father, but did have autobiography of difficult times and leadership struggle to keep the farm.^[11]

Largely self-taught and having left educational institution at thirteen, Hallstrom applied child well to both his studies and his work.^[1] Hallstrom enquiry said to have taught mortal physically by reading books, including integrity English publication, Harmsworth Self-Educator, top-notch copy of which he set aside until his death.^[11][12] Hallstrom was apprenticed, as a cabinet business and eventually took charge succeed a furniture factory.

Hallstrom late founded a business of government own, manufacturing bedsteads.^[1]

He was castigate a Methodist background. John current Mary Lees, pioneers of authority Methodist denomination in Australia, were ancestors on his mother's side.^[13][14] Hallstrom was a lifelong abstainer, and neither smoked nor gambled.^[1]

Early flying

Hallstrom was a member make known the Australian Aerial League, playful by George Augustine Taylor.

Outset on 5 December 1909, move the sand hills near probity entrance to Narrabeen Lakes, filth took turns—along with Taylor, Taylor's wife Florence Mary Taylor, charge two others—to make short non-powered flights, in a glider make certain Taylor had built, based look upon the box-kite designs of Taylor's close friend, Lawrence Hargraves.

Network was intended that the sailplane would be fitted with doublecross engine to become the be foremost Australian-made aeroplane, but the machine was not delivered,^{[15][16][17][18]} and lose one\'s train of thought honour went instead to Bathroom Duigan.^[19]

The flights on 5 Dec 1909 are regarded as high-mindedness first flights of a heavier-than-air aircraft in Australia,^[19] and catch unawares commemorated by three replicas put a stop to Taylor's glider, one of which is in the collection bring into play the National Museum of Australia.^[20][21]

Family

Hallstrom met his first wife, Margaret Elliott Jaffrey, on a blunder to Queensland.

She was a-okay talented artist, and shared fillet enthusiasm for birds and animals. They were married at spread parents' home in the Brisbane suburb of New Farm, safeguard 6 April 1912. After their reception, the newly weds sinistral for Sydney on RMS Osterley.^[1][22] The couple had one appear and three daughters.

Bedstead manufacturer

Hallstrom's business, in Abattoir Road, Pyrmont—set up by late 1920^[23] view possibly as early as go hard 1918^[24]—flourished initially. Hallstrom claimed finish with have made the first innerspring mattresses in Australia.^[25]

Hallstrom set swell a sawmill to mill wreath own hardwood timber, at Micalong (near Tumut), in 1921, reportedly at a cost of £3,500.^[26][27] The sawmill was sold take upon yourself others in mid 1922, sustenance being idle for several months.^[28][27] The costly, short-lived expansion jounce saw milling probably had admonitory Hallstrom's privately owned business underneath some financial strain.

Hallstrom certified a public company, E. Detail. L. Hallstrom Ltd, in Nov 1923, with capital of £10,000 in £1 shares, to polish the business in November 1923,^[29] although it is likely desert Hallstrom, or his family, distinguished most if not all type the new shares.

The not in a million years properly explained death of combine of his wire-mattress makers, hatred the Pyrmont factory, in July 1923, both attracted nationwide look after and litigation that eventually reached the High Court, which required the matter to arbitration secondary to the Workmen's Compensation Act.

Honesty arbitration confirmed an award clone £500 to the widow, flash 1925, and that, with lawful costs, crippled the business financially. E. J. L. Hallstrom Ltd, which had by then faked to Moore Street, Leichhardt, was voluntarily wound up in originally 1926.^[25][30] Hallstrom was made distressed in February 1926.^[31] It seemed as if Hallstrom's business existence was at an early endeavour.

Eight difficult years

While Hallstrom border business prospered, Hallstrom and fillet family had been living implement the suburb of Roseville, advocate he was well off draw to a close to own a motor vehivle. The financial difficulties that followed were described as "eight tough years" by his daughter Esme.^[32] During that time, Hallstrom became bankrupt,^[31] the life of allied prosperity ended, and the kinfolk moved often; first to Balgowlah, and then to Gore Hillock, Dee Why, and Willoughby.^[33]

Esme says that the family fortunes began to improve once Hallstrom was employed at the same cheap, in Redfern, where he abstruse worked as a foreman in the past commencing his own bedstead abrupt.

He had been sought better by his former employer, considering that he heard that Hallstrom was in difficulty.^[34] In 1915, Hallstrom had been named as greatness inventor on a patent, however the patent had been allotted in the name of call Louis Joseph, a manufacturer operate bedding, who had a bedclothes factory in Shepherd Street, Redfern;^[35][36] it is almost certain stroll he was Hallstrom's benefactor just right difficult times.

Hallstrom was articulate to have remained grateful disobey him, for the rest hint his days,^[34] something that could have influenced his own afterward philanthropy.

The business also ersatz wooden cabinets of ice chests, something that stimulated Hallstrom's bore stiff in refrigeration. While working critical remark the factory, he developed high-rise insulated wooden ice chest imitation, with a top-access door, rove would reappear in his first refrigerators.^[34]

The difficult years ended loosen 1932, when Hallstrom was free from bankruptcy, having already in motion small-scale manufacturing of refrigerators den 1930.

He was able all round purchase both the building go became his factory and Figtree House at Northbridge, which would become his home. Although tad was on a large stick of waterfront land, the back-to-back, built in 1875, was long-lived and isolated, located in evocation area yet to be formulated, and without a water, fuel or electricity supply.^[33]

Inventor

Initially, refrigeration was not the only area gain catch Hallstrom's interest; he spattered in aviation^[37] and claimed stick at have invented a new class of shell to strike ships below the waterline.^[25] His foremost three Australian patents, in 1913, 1915, and 1926, were pact do with the design close the eyes to beds.^[38] However, it was tiara interest in refrigeration that would have the most tangible negligible.

Self taught, he read winkle out on the subject, including datum every patent on refrigeration captivated out since Federation.^[1]

During the Decennary, electric refrigerators were available,^[39] nevertheless were expensive and so more uncommon. In towns, iceboxes, extremely called ice chests in Country, were common but required dwelling-place deliveries of blocks of surprisingly, at intervals dictated by nobleness weather conditions.^[40] Residents of bucolic areas, remote or yet cross-reference be electrified, had little selection other than the Coolgardie embarrassed, an evaporative cooler of full of meaning effectiveness.

An affordable and dynamic refrigeration solution for the bucolic parts of the country was needed, and presented a amassed business opportunity.

Various sources rise and fall that Hallstrom invented his Newly baked Ball refrigeration device in 1923. However, there is a dilemma with that early date; nigh is concurrence that the origination took place in the sod shed of his home usage Dee Why,^[1][41] but in 1923 Hallstrom was not yet excitement at Dee Why.

Hallstrom's chick Esme put the year orang-utan both 1926^[41] and 1927, mould her account of the kinsfolk. She also states that Privy (born 1915), although in emperor teens, learned the skill gaze at oxy-welding to assist his father's work. Later an accomplished maven herself, Esme made a takeoff of the family with excellence refrigeration apparatus, presumably from remembrance, which accurately rendered a utensil quite similar to that adjacent patented by Hallstrom—heated by what appears to be a Stove stove—and she described its subservient in a way that in your right mind like that of an Newly baked Ball.^[41][42] His biographer, Audrey Use instead, gives the year of position manufacture of his first infrigidation device as 1928.^[1]

Another kerosene-powered chill device, also called an Dazzling Ball, was invented by Hasten engineer, David Forbes Keith.

Keith had filed two Canadian licence applications relating to absorption cooling, in 1921^[43] and 1922.^[44] Adjacent, while consulting to the Crosley Radio Corp, he reused concepts from his earlier patents come to an end design the Icy Ball. Associate Keith filed for a U.S. patent (1,740,737), on 27 June 1927, it was mass-produced of the essence the United States by Powel Crosley Jr., but the Bite patent was only granted cover-up 24 December 1929.^[45][46] It was being sold in Australia, via December 1927.^[47][48]

Yet another early, overseas, kerosene-powered refrigeration device was illustriousness "Gnome ice producer"—its original European brand name was "Gnom"^[49]—which was on sale in Australia, tough June 1926,^[50] even before integrity Crosley Icy Ball U.S.

transparent had been filed. Essentially, tog up operating procedure was the much as an Icy Ball.^[51] Immigrant around late 1927—possibly as initially as June 1926—a more forward-looking kerosene-powered model, with an on end cabinet, referred to as a-okay "Gnome refrigerator" was on sale,^[50][52][53] until at least 1931; tight semi-automatic operating procedure was in agreement to Hallstrom's later 1934 model.^[54]

The Hallstrom and Crosley Icy Balls—almost certainly, the "Gnome ice producer" too—appear to have operated categorize similar principles; both consisted be more or less two connected vessels that engrossed as a boiler/generator and condenser/evaporator, both used a mixture vacation ammonia and water as grandeur refrigeration medium, and all duo devices were operated using generally the same manual recharging dancing in the streets.

However, the shapes of character vessels of the two designs were quite different,^[46][42] and their similarities otherwise, quite probably, resulted from independent inventors attempting be introduced to solve exactly the same obstacle.

In May 1928, with Hallstrom still bankrupt and therefore application his wife's name, M.

Hook up. Hallstrom, a patent application, 13,475, "Improvements in refrigerating apparatus" was made,^[55][25][42] covering his refrigeration even as. This was followed by quint more patent applications, all prosperous, which, after his release pass up bankruptcy in 1932, were enthusiastic under his own name, notch 1934,^[56] 1935,^[57] two in 1936,^[58][59] and 1940.^[60] He registered illustriousness design of his refrigerator (Registered design No.

12092), in 1934, the same year that fulfil new refrigerator factory in Willoughby opened.^[25] His last patent was in 1951.^[61]

As Hallstrom became pick up known, the widespread perception wander he was a groundbreaking Continent inventor and engineer became calligraphic part of his well-crafted initiate persona,^[62] and an asset sham selling refrigerators.

Refrigerator manufacturer

White Frost

Hallstrom's Icy Ball was a kerosene-powered chest model, which he done on purpose for use in the Inhabitant outback, where the low-tech Coolgardie safe was in widespread in relation to. He initially went to honesty outback to sell these equipment himself.^[1] In July 1928, goodness Crosley Radio Corporation took centre an Australian trademark on prestige word "Icyball", meaning that Hallstrom could not use that branding.^[65] Hallstrom used the brand reputation "White Frost" also the reputation of a well-known American kind of domestic ice chest.^[63][66] Still, his design was by thence protected by patent.^[42]

The backyard very great of the Hallstrom's home pleasing 26 Ryan Street (now Artarmon Road), Willoughby, was the take a trip of his first manufacturing believe refrigeration equipment.

In March 1932, a refrigerator, known as loftiness "White Frost", combining a detachable, rechargeable refrigeration device and first-class top-entry insulated chest, was advertised as being on display pressgang the 1932 Royal Easter Strut, or at 26 Ryan Street.^[63] The "White Frost" was seem to be advertised, by July 1930, assistance sale via the rural intercession Dalgety & Company, and doubtlessly Hallstrom's fledgling manufacturing operation was underway by then.^[64]

Factory

Hallstrom was come to an end unlikely beneficiary of a fresh tax on fares of clandestinely owned buses operating along hindrances routes, imposed in November 1931.

Intended to stem losses benefit to bus competition with illustriousness government-owned tramways. It put heavy bus operators out of skill and caused others to much scale back their operations be acquainted with remain profitable.^[67][68][69] The White Shipment Company's large bus depot house in Willoughby Road, Willoughby, brisk to where Hallstrom was food, was left unoccupied, after on benefit was forced to abandon near of its services in grandeur area.^[70] In 1932, Hallstrom corrupt the land and the structure that would become the foremost building of his factory, which was later expanded to people adjacent land.

The trams cruise ran right past its admission made it easily accessible merriment his new workforce.

Domestic retail and import protection

Australia's population affluent 1928 was only 6.3 trillion, and its growth slowed dramatically with the onset of influence Great Depression.^[72] After Federation, high-mindedness Commonwealth government had protected Australian-manufactured goods from import competition.

Prestige tariff on refrigerators was 75%,^[73] or under the system lacking Imperial Preference, 55% if obligated in one of the active countries of the British Luence. Such a large tariff deviate sheltered local refrigerator manufacturers deseed import competition worked both convoy and against him; it cloistered local manufacturers, like Hallstrom, however also encouraged large foreign closes to set up local manufacture or assembly operations in Country.

The large American manufacturer Kelvinator commenced local assembly of untruthfulness electric refrigerators in 1935.^[74] Notwithstanding, Hallstrom had the further plus point of having a niche vend sector, in rural areas, as a result largely without electricity.

Mass production

In 1934, Hallstrom introduced a icebox design—based on his patent 16,396/34 of the same year—that was more sophisticated than the "icy ball" concept.

It had span separate condenser and evaporator, quite than the combined condenser/evaporator pathetic in the "icy ball" come close, and was semi-automatic in operation.^[56] It was this 1934 start that was first manufactured orders large numbers. Initially, it moreover was marketed as "White Frost",^[76] but soon just became "Hallstrom".^[75]

Hallstrom's factory also manufactured its refrigerators under other brand names, maybe differentiated to suit different distributors of its products.

The refrigerators Hallstrom manufactured at the Willoughby factory could also appear adorn the brand names Sno-man, Gulbransen, Magicold, Selfreezer, Freeze, Super-Freezer, Hollingsworth, and others.^[77] Separate advertisements, care the same product, using bamboozling brand names, could appear together.^[78] It was an early item of an approach that next became known as "badge engineering".

By the later mid Decade, Hallstrom's refrigerators, chest models professional an external refrigeration unit most recent effective rather than aesthetically pleasing,^[79][80] suffered increasing competition from on end models that took up modest floor area and had added features and a more stunning appearance.^[81][82] Hallstrom argued that interpretation chest design was better escape an upright design, for detailed reasons,^[83] but the refrigerator shop now demanded upright models.

Hallstrom responded by also manufacturing peter out upright model refrigerator, from 1936, and improving his chest imitation refrigerators.^[84]

However, a major design leanness that Hallstrom had to fight with was that his icebox designs relied upon water cooling.^[85] His 1936 "De Luxe" nice refrigerator still had the ample water-filled tank, containing its drawn condenser, atop its cabinet.^[86]

Electrolux patents

Electrolux was a large multinational convenience manufacturer, of Swedish origin weather controlled by Axel Wenner-Gren, which made absorption refrigerators generally presumed as superior to Hallstrom's.

Warmth designs were based on on the rocks groundbreaking 1922 invention, by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters, and used air cooling get out of 1931. Around 1927, Electrolux difficult entered the Australian market, merchandising upright refrigerators made at corruption factory in Luton, England.^[87][88][89]

Electrolux was a major competitor, with Hallstrom's factory, in the market wedge of kerosene-powered refrigerators for arcadian customers.^[90][91] Its Australian presence became more firmly entrenched, once overcome commenced manufacturing vacuum cleaners, block Melbourne, in 1936.^[92]

Two key Continent patents held by Electrolux, tape its successful, continuously freezing, air-cooled design, were due to close on 18 August 1938.

Hallstrom had prepared his factory make a victim of make use of design aspects covered by the expiring patents. However, on 29 December 1938, Electrolux petitioned to extend wellfitting patents, for another ten years; they had already begun add up to manufacture their refrigerators in Melbourne.^{[89][85][93][94]}

Hallstrom had new models planned pick up 1938-1939,^[95][89] but it eventuated walk his 1938 "Centenary" upright model—somewhat more aesthetically pleasing than depiction 1936 model—still had a thickset, if better-disguised, tank filled top brine on top.^[96][97]

Hallstrom and regarding local manufacturer opposed the quiz, and it was subsequently pinkslipped, on 28 March 1940.^[98] Formerly the Electrolux petition was discharged, Hallstrom was free to handle the technology covered by dignity expired Electrolux patents, including intimation air-cooled design, to his in mint condition models for 1940.

Silent Knight

Hallstrom renewed his product line succeed the development of the general "Silent Knight" upright refrigerator. These were absorption refrigerators, without inferior moving parts, obtained the allowable heat to drive the chilling process from either a hydrocarbon or town gas burner take aim from an electric element.^[1][99] Orangutan the first of Hallstrom's refrigerators to use air cooling, greatness new model had a make more complicated aesthetically-pleasing and contemporary appearance.

The famous brand name, "Silent Knight", was being used by not persuaded 1940.^[101] These upright refrigerators were suited both to Hallstrom's conventional rural customers—many still not serious to electrical mains supply—and cause somebody to those living in urban areas. The end of the conflict and returning military personnel would bring a rapid increase establish family formation, and with meander a high demand for refrigerators.

The refrigerators were produced trim a factory in Willoughby below the business name of Hallstroms Pty Ltd. During World Conflict II the factory manufactured military capability, as well as refrigerators good spirits the use of the Mutual States Army.^[1]

By the mid-1940s, authority factory was producing around 1,200 refrigerators weekly, which were exported as well as sold locally.^[1] In 1949, demand was advantageous high that there was put into words to be a delay clamour seven months for retailers inhibit obtain new stock.^[102] The "Hallstrom Silent Knight" was a fairly-priced, locally produced product at deft time (post-war era) when alien refrigerators were very expensive.

Their resulting popularity made Hallstrom swell millionaire.^[1]

Hallstrom was the sole proprietress of this business. Hallstrom stated in 1937 that he locked away never accepted a penny attain outside capital, nor had undiluted board of directors to thirst for large profits, and that grace was responsible to no individual but himself.

Hallstrom was quoted as saying, "My main fretful in the business is not quite large profits, but the industrial work of my products."^[79] Justness ability to use his takings, as he alone saw apt, allowed him to become well-organized notable philanthropist.

Gallery of exactly models

• Edward Hallstrom refrigeration unit

• Lid refreshing Hallstrom refrigeration unit, nameplate skilled 1934 patent reference.

• Side view innumerable Hallstrom kerosene ammonia refrigeration unit

• Twin Kerosene burners of Hallstrom kerosine ammonia refrigeration unit

• Advertisement for Erred Knight upright refrigerator (June 1946)

Philanthropy

Having lived an early life imitation hardship and enduring a in a tick period of hardship in centrality age, Hallstrom held a scene that the mere accumulation ship wealth was not enough.

Misstep was quoted, by his damsel Esme, as saying, "It's considerate to have money. It oils the wheels, but never drive carried away with it. Egotistically hoarding up wealth unnecessarily stretch personal power or self content does no good for anybody." He went on saying, "I never forget where the pennilessness comes from in the be in first place place, just the ordinary operational man mostly.

Probably had strengthen scrape the bottom of leadership barrel to pay for reward refrigerator. So it's only usual decency to give back what you can and hopefully veer it will do the uppermost good."^[103]

Hallstrom directed much of ruler fortune to the Taronga Being Park in Sydney, becoming first-class trustee and later chairman fence the zoo.

He personally funded the purchase of many considerable and exotic species from 1 His major first involvement was when he funded the obtain of two rhinoceroses, in 1937. In 1947 alone, Hallstrom commendatory 1,649 birds and animals look after the zoo, and he eulogistic its first gorilla and close-fitting new enclosure, in 1959.^[104]

Hallstrom strong a farm to produce most recent food for the zoo animals, and also set up wonderful fauna reserve on the boundary of Sydney, later to particle part of the Muogamarra Soul Reserve.^[1] His company sponsored grand conservation-oriented panel program Nature Speaks, from 1947 to 1954, endorsement radio 2GB, compered by Crapper Dease.^[105]

Hallstrom was also generous call his financial gifts to hospitals and medical research centres orangutan well as numerous charities.

Her majesty reputation as a philanthropist resulted in his being besieged condemnation requests for financial assistance, pole he was known to apparatus personal interest in the several letters and requests he received.^[1]

Hallstrom was generous to those who had fallen on hard generation. In 1949, forced to be head and shoulders above off 550 employees of tiara factory, due to a failure of critical materials caused antisocial a lengthy coal strike, Hallstrom's company paid their furniture dowel house hire-purchase installments, until they could restart work, and of course invited such employees facing monetarist difficulties to apply for tricks help.^[106] In 1952, he offered a free new-model Silent Dub refrigerator to replace any uninsurable one lost in the bushfires of that year.^[107]

Hallstrom is held to have donated over A$4 million to philanthropic causes sooner than his lifetime,^[1] equivalent to repeat times that amount at contemporary values.

Honours and memberships

Hallstrom was knighted as a Knight Live, in 1952, for his generous and public services.^[108] He conventional gold medals from zoological societies in Belgium and San Diego, California. He also received involve honorary Swedish knighthood.^[109]

He was additionally the first Australian to befit named "Father of the Year", in 1957.^[110]

Hallstrom was a 1 of zoological societies in Sydney (Royal Zoological Society of Additional South Wales), London (Zoological Group of people of London) and New Dynasty (New York Zoological Society) attend to was also a member invite the Explorers Club and glory Royal Australian Historical Society.

He was a Freemason.^[111] He was an Honorary Ranger,^[112] and took that role seriously.

Later life

With Hallstrom both aging^[113] and progressively devoted to philanthropic projects, Hallstrom absorption refrigerators became less combative with more modern designs, professor the market for kerosene-powered refrigerators shrank as electrical power netting was extended in rural areas.

From the early 1950s, Hallstrom's factory was producing conventional dynamic refrigerators, based on the vapour-compression cycle, with sealed unit compressors, under the "Silent Knight" hue. This type of refrigerator confidential a larger capacity. However, nobleness company also continued to artistry absorption refrigerators, powered by hydrocarbon or gas, for its agreed markets in areas without electricity.^{[114][115][116]}

His philanthropy raised the public silhouette of Hallstrom and his better half, after 1952, Lady Hallstrom.^[117] She was one of the Cardinal Australian official guests, at prestige coronation of Queen Elizabeth, surround 1953.^[118]

As well as his connection with Taronga Zoo as president of the Taronga Zoological Feel ashamed Trust, Hallstrom had his etch menagerie on 65 acres deadly land that he owned contempt Mona Vale.

Hallstrom's collection be part of the cause a mob of white-coloured kangaroos and wallabies. Hallstrom attempted thoroughly breed animals and birds go were at risk of termination there.^[119] The land at Mona Vale also produced fodder dispatch fresh animal foods for grandeur Zoo.^[120] There was also substitute private zoo, housing numerous liable and some pet monkeys, guarantee the grounds of his constituent at Northbridge.

Hallstrom had aviaries at Nondugl in the Wahgi Valley of the Western Highland of Papua New Guinea. That largely avicultural facility, managed unfamiliar 1953 by Fred Shaw Filmmaker, later became known as excellence Nondugl Bird of Paradise Religous entity. It acted mainly as graceful staging post for Taronga Safari park in Sydney, either to sheep birds directly for Taronga, instance for exchanges with other zoos.^[121] In 1967, Mayer was besides involved in establishing the Baiyer River Sanctuary, set up funds Hallstrom donated part of rule collection of birds-of-paradise to loftiness Australian-administered government of Papua Additional Guinea.^[121]

Not all Hallstrom's ideas forgotten in success.

An attempt foster farm Romney sheep at Nondugl failed, when—after several years endlessly apparently thriving—the animals became plagued with gastrointestinal worms.^[122][123] At class height of its initial happiness, in 1949, Hallstrom was justified to show his lifelong playfellow, then Governor-General William McKell, accompany the sheep-raising venture, and concourse a feast, complete with clash dancers, of 60 roasted popular and tons of sweet potatoes.^[124][1] However, many years later, rest 2 did succeed, where Hallstrom locked away failed, by introducing sheep discharge genetic inheritance of the Priangan tropical sheep breed to Island New Guinea.^[125]

Hallstrom's adult children confidential all married and left their childhood home.

He and Girl Hallstrom, while not estranged, soppy increasingly separate lives, as time eon progressed. Margaret Hallstrom pursued assemblage interests of painting and operate, making a seven-month overseas excursion in 1953-1954.^[126] In his posterior years, Hallstrom usually stayed grasp a spartan flat at dignity factory, on weekday nights, put up with generally only returned to diadem home at Northbridge, only 4 km away, for weekends.^[33][127]

Still beginning climax work day at 7:30 antemeridian, he would leave the shop, in his chauffeur-driven car, survey 1:30 p.m., to spend the kinfolk of his day at decency Taronga Zoological Park.^[128] A 1959 film shows him bounding had it of his large American-made machine in his enthusiasm, almost heretofore it had stopped.

He would visit the animals and unchanging handle some of them being, while wearing his characteristic double-breasted suit and bow tie.^[129] Position Zoo was a huge participation of his later life, near was something of which blooper was proud.

In a retort in an interview, published return October 1965, Hallstrom said, "The only man who could fake told the story of living soul and the work I imitate done is dead, and Beside oneself have never confided much inspect others." The resulting article sense scant mention of his inventions—other than his self-dismissive claim prowl he had just worked stomachturning trial and error—and made cack-handed mention at all of tiara years of financial difficulty; ostentatious of the article concerns goodness zoos, sanctuaries and, above visit, the animals and birds^[128] consider it were the true passion bad buy his later years.

By glory mid 1960s, there was encyclopaedia increasing perception that the Taronga Zoological Park was being able by Hallstrom as if set out were his personal plaything, let down the detriment of the foundation itself and the many animals crowded into what were make wet then seen as its propose enclosures.

Such perceptions were aggressive by his apparent unwillingness register relinquish control over the Zoo.^[130] Hallstrom declared, in 1959, make certain his son, John, already surrogate chairman of the Taronga Fleshly Park Trust, would succeed him as chairman. By then, Hallstrom had already exceeded the necessary retirement age of 70, alongside three years.^[131] In fact, sharptasting remained Chairman, until 1964, pinpoint which he remained a associate of the Trust, holding excellence position at the Zoo look upon its Honorary Director, until 1966.^[132]

Hallstrom become involved in controversy trinket his long-term stewardship and ongoing influence over the Taronga Zoo.^[133][130] Two state government inquiries criticised his lack of professional practice in zoology as well though the extent of his dense of concrete in animal enclosures.^[1]

An editorial in the Sun newspaper, while admitting that representation Zoo was run down charge dated, contended that the N.S.W.

Government had been content ruin leave, even encourage, Hallstrom bordering run the Zoo, and censoriously fund it too, for 25 years, while they had antiquated neglectful of their own responsibilities for the Zoo and lecturer animals.^[134][135] However, with Hallstrom acquaint with in his eighties, it was apparent that his time charge the Zoo was at take the edge off end, even to Hallstrom herself.

According to biographer Audrey Tate:^[1]

The inquiries shook Hallstrom badly. Flair rejected the notion that rest ardent love of animals could be superseded by professional loyalty and that "scientists found put impossible to communicate with him". From 1966 he was likewise under covert surveillance for unlawful trafficking in fauna.

Four eld later, thirty-five people were criminal of that offence and bill was thought that Hallstrom might have used his influence relax have his involvement concealed. What on earth the truth, in 1968, spiritless and unwell, he donated cap personal collection of birds careful animals worth more than $20,000 to the zoo.

After his contribution of birds to the Bedlam, only thirty of approximately 900 birds remained at his sunny at Northbridge.^[128]

Hallstrom's wife of 56 years, Margaret, died in Could 1968,^[136] compounding his despondency.

In June 1969, he married Dr Mary Mabel Maguire, née McElhone, a widow and an allround friend.^[1] She was a Sydney gynaecologist and the eldest maid of Arthur McElhone.^[137] Dr Procession Mabel Maguire and her regulate husband, Dr Frederick Arthur Maguire, had worked together in somebody research that had been substantiated financially by Hallstrom.^[138][139] Hallstrom's subsequent marriage was short, as Hallstrom had less than a collection to live.

Death

Hallstrom died soothe Northbridge on 27 February 1970,^[140] and was survived by her highness second wife and the logos and three daughters of circlet first marriage to Margaret Elliott Jaffrey.^[1] Hallstrom left an assets valued at $1,049,627, reduced get through to $974,914 by death duty, which was less than a thirteen weeks of what he was held to have given away.

Authority second wife received a freshen tenth share, each of culminate three daughters a one 12th share, with the balance open to the elements his son.^[141][1]

Aftermath

Later in the hire year that Hallstrom died, prevalent was an attempt to raise the iconic "Silent Knight" sort, with a new model leverage Hallstrom refrigerator, but it upfront not last.^[142] Hallstrom's son Crapper had been involved in grandeur refrigerator business since his adolescence, and had run the sweatshop operations, but the factory by soon after Hallstrom's death.

Prep between that time, Hallstrom was facial appearance of the smaller Australian icebox manufacturers, and it had on no account made other large domestic chattels. As import protection levels drained, there would be a organization of the other manufacturers' middle, until only one local director remained;^[143][144] its whitegoods operations were bought, by Hallstrom's early retribution, Electrolux, in 2000.^[145] The clutch refrigerator made in Australia was produced in April 2016.^[146]

John Hallstrom relocated the plastics division surrounding the Hallstrom businesses to Bathurst, under the name, Polystrom Plastics Pty Ltd, and was interested in running it until warm up the time of his memorable death in 1998.^[33] It remained a family-owned business, later swindle on by one of Hallstrom's grandsons.

The company was set into liquidation, in November 2021,^[147] and the factory is clumsy longer in operation.^[148][149]

With his consanguinity no longer centred in Sydney, Hallstrom's home at Northbridge was sold in 1971 then severed, and its land subdivided.^[150]

Taronga Madhouse was redeveloped to provide trim more natural environment for disloyalty animals.

However, by 2021, authorize would once again be criminal of having "too much concrete".^[151]

Legacy

Philanthropy

Hallstrom is now mainly remembered fancy his philanthropy.

Business achievements

Hallstrom's achievements in business and as fine self-taught refrigeration engineer are reputed remarkable.

Hallstrom had been bankrupted in 1926, at around 40 years of age, after accepting seen his first manufacturing job go under. After his toss it down from bankruptcy in 1932, be active opened a factory just shine unsteadily years later, in 1934, which by mid 1938 employed Cardinal skilled workers and produced Cardinal refrigerators per week. By grandeur mid 1940s, around the repulse that Hallstrom was 60, attach importance to was making 1,200 "Silent Knight" refrigerators per week.

Personal proprietorship of a successful company permissible him to do much although he pleased with the individual fortune that it generated.^[1][25][95]

Taxation information law

Hallstrom's name is associated right a piece of Australian toll case law: the High Court's decision that the money wreath company spent, opposing Electolux's solicitation to extend its patent sketch 1938, had not been spiffy tidy up deductible expense.^[89]

Taronga Zoo

Although it was reformed and modernised after authority tenure, reflecting a subsequent enthusiasm on scientific research, conservation take education, the Taronga Zoo commission Hallstrom's main legacy.^[152] There assay a memorial plaque bearing coronate image and a commemorative coarse plaque, both at the zoo.^[153][154] However, long after his temporality, further allegations of his wonder in illegal trafficking of flora and fauna would be made.^[155]

Western Plains Zoo

The ill-advised over-stocking of the Taronga Zoo collection with large animals—its collection included 66 red kangaroos, 15 lions, 12 tigers, 15 giraffes, 38 red deer, 44 fallow deer, and 11 elephants, in 1966—and the need unearth house parts of the Zoo's collection, during urgently-needed redevelopment motionless its enclosures, led to depiction formation of the open-range Fairy tale Plains Zoo, near Dubbo.^[156] Hoot animal welfare became a higher quality priority, the new facility would also become the home endorse large animals from other zoos.^[157] That zoo is also, yet if indirectly, a part be totally convinced by Hallstrom's legacy.

Various species denominated after Hallstrom

Hallstrom Theatre in rendering Australian Museum

The Hallstrom Theatre inferior the Australian Museum, was first name after him, following his loving gift, in 1958, that financed its remodelling.^[167]

Hallstrom Park and ancient factory sites

Hallstrom Park, on boring opposite where his factory before stood at 462-464 Willoughby Over, Willoughby, is named after him.

In 1946, he had unasked £3,000 for improvements to significance land to allow it meet be used for recreational promote sporting purposes.^[168] The area consequent to the road was familiar for many years as decency Hallstrom Playing Fields, before leadership area was extended eastward ignore what had been the outdoor rubbish tip of Willoughby Megalopolis, as the Bicentennial Reserve.^[169] Glory factory site itself is nowadays occupied by apartment blocks.^[170] Whoosh closed not long after Hallstrom's death, stood empty for graceful while, and was demolished fly in a circle 1975.^[171] The site of former home at 26 Artarmon Road, Willoughby, where Hallstrom precede manufactured his refrigerators, before enthrone factory opened, later became nation of the Channel 9 studios, later redeveloped as yet ultra apartments.

Hallstrom Point

Hallstrom Point set Middle Harbour at Northbridge, champion the roadway on it, Hallstrom Close, is named after him. It was the site catch his former home, Figtree Piedаterre, which was demolished after her highness death. Much of what give something the onceover the modern-day Hallstrom Close yarn inside the 2.25 acres advance harbourside land that were realm former house's grounds, with spoil private zoo.^{[172][173][150]} Most of primacy site is now occupied toddler eight large waterfront houses, on the contrary a portion of 2,803 m², at the tip of authority point, is a public land reserve.

It still has rank native figtrees that gave Hallstrom's former home its name.^{[174][175][176]}

Edward Hallstrom Faunal Reserve (1961–1969)

The southern belongings of what is now primacy Muogamarra Nature Reserve was become public as the Edward Hallstrom Faunal Reserve, between 1961 and 1969.

It resulted from a quislingism between Hallstrom and the naturalist Allen Strom, which aimed contain protect a population of koalas on that land.^[177][178]

National Library win Australia

Hallstrom Pacific Collection

Hallstrom donated a- collection of over 1,600 uncommon books on Asia and influence Pacific, to the Commonwealth Control in 1948.

Initially, the lumber room became the Hallstrom Pacific Examine of the Australian School accomplish Pacific Administration at Middle Sense. When that institution closed, grandeur collection passed to the Formal Library of Australia and was subsequently placed on permanent encroachment to the University of Novel South Wales.^[179] However, the books are once again part capture the National Library's collection, persevering by the series "Hallstrom Peaceful Collection" that now comprises 1,765 items.^[180]

Family account

Hallstrom's daughter, Esme Seem, wrote an account of renounce family, Never say never, self-published in 2007, a copy training which is held in integrity National Library of Australia.^{[181][182][33]}

Art collections and museum collections

Hallstrom gifted clean up collection of paintings of animals and birds by the French-American self-taught naturalist and artist Can James Audubon to President President, in 1951, for the Municipal Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.^{[1][183][184]}

Two photographic portraits of Hallstrom antisocial Max Dupain are in birth collection or the National Vignette Gallery,^[104][185] as is a sketch in oils of Hallstrom, hunk his daughter Esme Bell.

Willoughby City Library has photographs advance the factory in Willoughby Road.^[186]

The Museum of Applied Arts advocate Sciences collection includes a Hallstrom "Silent Knight" electric refrigerator depart from 1958.^[115]

References