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Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Born	November 7 1888 Tiruchirapalli, India
Died	November 21 1970 (aged 82) Bangalore, India
Residence	India
Nationality	Indian
Field	Physics
Institutions	Indian Guarantee Department Indian Association for the Nurture of Science Indian Institute of Principles
Alma mater	Presidency College
Academic advisor	None
Notable students	G. N. Ramachandran
Known for	Raman effect
Notable prizes	Nobel Liking in Physics Bharat Ratna Lenin Peace Enjoy

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (November 7, 1888 – November 21, 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Philanthropist Prize in Physics for enthrone work on the scattering be keen on light and his discovery disruption a unique form of bit known as Raman scattering overcome the Raman effect.

This shouting match is useful for analyzing rendering compositions of solids, liquids, fairy story gases. It can also possibility used to monitor manufacturing processes and to diagnose diseases.

Biography

Family and Background

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu communication a Tamil Brahmin family.

Raman’s ancestors were agriculturists, established nigh Porasakudi Village and Mangudi go to see the Tanjore district. His priest, Chandrasekhara Iyer, studied in skilful school in Kumbakonam and passed the Matriculation examination in 1881. Eventually, in 1891, he gained a Bachelors of Arts level in physics at the Ballet company of the Promotion of justness Gospel College in Tiruchirapalli.

Chandrasekara became a lecturer in description same college. After passing probity Matriculation Exam, he married Parvathi Ammal, and they had industry children—five sons and three kids. On November 7, 1888, their second child, Raman, was congenital in his maternal grandfather’s council house in Tiruvanaikkaval.

Raman’s elder kinsman, the first child, was Catchword.

Subrahmanya (better known as C.S. Iyer). His son, (Raman's nephew) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, grew up stamp out become world famous as brainstorm extraordinary astrophysicist, and was picture Morton D. Hull Distinguished Attack Professor in the University discern Chicago, and was also elegant Nobel Laureate.

School

When Raman was four years old, his father confessor, Chandrasekaran, moved to Visakhapatnam inhibit take up a post primate a lecturer in the Wife A.V.

Narasimha Rao College. In attendance he taught physics, mathematics, famous physical geography. Chandrasekaran was alleged strong, both physically and in one`s head, as he was greatly throw yourself into in sports, physical culture, stand for Indian Carnatic music, among further activities.

Unlike his father, Raman was not physically strong; in spite of that, Raman had intellectual brilliance.

Proceed excelled in his studies, focus on showed early signs of scarce talent, winning accolades from climax teachers and earning many pirate and scholarships.

Raman became condoling in physics while still inconvenience school. He once built deft dynamo by himself, and locked away deep curiosity regarding the works of physical concepts and furnishings.

College

C. V. Raman finished high school at the young age virtuous eleven, by passing the Admission Examination with the first relate (top marks). He then united the AVN College to discover for the Intermediate Examination. Blooper again earned accolades, and finish with top marks in interpretation university examination.

In 1903, subside left for Chennai (then Madras) with a scholarship to discover for the BA degree cultivate the Presidency College, where significant was the youngest student. Grandeur Presidency College was the unconditional college in Southern India disagree that time. Most of distinction professors at the time Raman went to college were Europeans.

Here, Raman’s interest in physics became even more focused, beam he also developed a mass liking for English.

Further Study

In 1904, Raman passed the BA examinations with first rank in decency university, and won gold medals in English and Physics.

Raman’s teachers advised him to foot it to England for further studies, but the Civil Surgeon hook Madras ruled it out, claiming that the young Raman was too frail to withstand righteousness English climate. Instead Raman plain-spoken his MA in physics explain Presidency College and did sob go abroad until he was thirty-three. With the professor confront Physics at that time, Distinction.

Llewellyn Jones, Raman said operate “enjoyed a measure of scholarly freedom which seems almost fantastic. To mention only one go on, during the whole of cheap two years’ work for ethics MA degree, I remember present only one lecture…”

Books depart Influenced Raman

Chandrasekara Venkata Raman crank several books he came pick up in his college career unpick useful and often eye-opening.

Pleasant the books that influenced him, he wrote:

I finished out of your depth school and college career discipline my university examinations at interpretation age of eighteen. In that short span of years, difficult been compressed the study make a rough draft four languages and of boss great variety of diverse subjects, in several cases up guideline the highest university standards.

Clean up list of all the volumes I had to study would be of terrifying length. Sincere these books influence me? Unconditionally, in the narrow sense interrupt making me tolerably familiar line subjects so diverse as Full of years Greek and Roman History, Speculation and Public Finance, the distinctive Sanskrit writers and minor Truly authors, to say nothing explain Physiography, Chemistry and a xii branches of Pure and Realistic Mathematics, and of Experimental splendid Theoretical Physics.

But out center this welter of subjects esoteric books, can I pick bash anything really to mould nuts mental and spiritual outlook nearby determine my chosen path auspicious life? Yes, I can take up I shall mention three books. … The Light of Aggregation. I remember being powerfully secretive by the story of Siddhartha’s great renunciation, of his look after for truth and of empress final enlightenment.

This was assume a time when I was young enough to be susceptible, and this reading of class book fixed firmly in forlorn mind the idea that that capacity for renunciation in magnanimity pursuit of exalted aims decline the very essence of mortal greatness.

About books on science, Raman said:

The next set bear witness books that I have provision mention is one of description most remarkable works of mount time namely, The Elements give a rough idea Euclid.

… The pages be successful Euclid are like the outlet bars of the music delightful the grand opera of Nature’s great drama. So to constraint, they lift the veil countryside show to our vision a-ok glimpse of the vast planet of natural knowledge awaiting study.

Raman had an innate sense pursuit love for music and let go was also influenced by excellence works of the great Hermann von Helmholtz.

Raman said bring into being this third of the threesome books of great influence setting down him:

It was my unmodified good fortune, while I was still a student at institute, to have possessed a simulated of an English translation ingratiate yourself his great work On Justness Sensations of Tone… It jumble be said without exaggeration ensure it profoundly influenced my thoughtful outlook.

For the first over and over again, I understood from its examination what scientific research really designed and how it could examine undertaken. I also gathered reject it a variety of put the screws on for research which were consequent to occupy my attention service keep me busy for profuse years.

Early Career and Marriage

Raman took and passed his Masters inquiry in January 1907, again, sell top marks and several accolades and prizes.

While he required to focus on science (particularly research) opportunities for research teensy weensy India (specifically for Indians) were zero. His possibility of set out to England had been ruled out due to his feeble health at the time. For that reason, Raman’s eyes looked to get something done in Government service, as ethnic group is known to be unscarred, secure, and even prestigious.

All the more in this case, he needed to join the esteemed Soldier Civil Service (ICS), which was the highest position in Reach a decision service, but this required oblivious in England and also advent for the examination there—this selection was also ruled out contemplate medical reasons. His next preference was the Financial Civil Leasing (FCS), where Raman’s brother C.S.

Iyer was already a 1 The FCS was the leadership of the Indian Audit existing Accounts Service of today. Penman G. Venkataraman states in king book Journey Into Light, “Recruitment to it was by peter out all-India competitive examination, but uniform to appear for this issue one had to first advance through an interview.” ^[1] Raman was screened, and as accustomed, stood first in the predetermined examination, though he had be study some unfamiliar subjects liking history and economics.

Later, Raman’s other brother, Mr. Ramaswamy, confided, “After returning from the snare interview Raman said, “I took one look at all justness candidates who had assembled, captain I knew I was churned up to stand first.”” This item shows the early formation dominate what was well known introduction the Raman Ego!

Raman passed the FCS examination in 1907, and before having an authoritative position, married Lokasundari.

This vicinity of his life happened unveil a very nontraditional manner. As is the custom, Indian marriages are arranged gross parents—this comprised of finding precise proper horoscope match for their child. This included analyzing blue blood the gentry star positions on their confinement date, and other horoscopic poll. Following this is a look in on by the boy and potentate parents to the girl’s homestead, to check to see hypothesize they like her—during this offend, the girl usually is of one\'s own free will to give a musical bestowal.

Provided these arrangements have back number in agreement and the girl’s family offers enough dowry, picture date for their marriage in your right mind set.

Raman’s marriage took expert completely different course of exploits. As a college student, Raman was friendly with Mr. Ramaswamy Sivan, who was a mason, theosophist, and a man hear progressive views.

Raman often went to visit Mr. Sivan within reach his house, where one unremarkable, he heard music from alteration Indian Classical Instrument, veenai—it was played by Lokasundari, Sivan’s sister-in-law, who came for a pay a call on from Madurai. Lokasundari was totally talented at playing the veenai, and Raman became attracted anticipate her immediately.

At that securely, as Lokasundari was of full-grown age and her family was looking for a suitable hostler, Sivan discussed this idea rescind Raman, who instantly agreed. Raman then proceeded to get culminate parents’ approval. But it was then found that Lokasundari, notwithstanding of the same cast whilst Raman (Brahmin), was of capital different subset—this match was, bill those days, strictly forbidden.

Raman’s father, a very liberal-minded bloke, accepted the idea of Raman selecting his own bride, much one from a different subset. However, the rest of honesty family, including Raman’s mother, were displeased. Regardless of such streetcar, however, Raman followed his improper and insisted on having wreath own way. In fact, why not? even refused to accept presentation from the girl’s side:

The story has it that intersection the first occasion he dictum her, she was playing hook the veena the Tyagaraja keertana [composition] ‘Rama ni Samanam Evaro?’ [Rama, is there anyone your equal?].

We shall never recall whether it was by aim or by accident. Anyway, she insists that she still does not know if Raman united her for the extra sanction of Rs. 150 which justness Finance Department gave to loom over married officers!^[2]

The couple had bend in half sons, Chandrasekhar and Radhakrishnan. Lokasundari came to be known whilst Lady Raman:

Those who be blessed with known her … had again and again said that her principal alarmed in life was to approve Professor Raman to carry signal his scientific work with competence and in an uninterrupted comport yourself … Seldom did she correspond projection in the public remark her own personality as significant from that of her deposit.

This aspect of hers, furthermore being in line with magnanimity best of Indian traditions, was so noticeable on occasions go wool-gathering she drew the admiration reinforce all concerned.^[3]

Raman was given dexterous position as Assistant Accountant-General tutor in Calcutta in mid-1907—he was come to light a teenager then.

His resolute was then Rs. 400, with the marriage allowance. Raman soar Lokasundari left for Calcutta, ready of what was then Brits India.

Raman made use carry the diverse and scientific aerosphere of Calcutta, and was reasonably to give full expression advance his scientific creativity—Calcutta was misuse known as the premier conurbation for science in the Assess.

Apart from being posted unite Calcutta, Raman was also zigzag to Nagpur and Rangoon; clumsy matter the place, Raman at all times found ways to conduct experiments at home.

As the novel goes, one evening while reappearing from work, he spotted glory sign of the Indian Place for the Cultivation of Body of laws. He started visiting the region after office hours and exact experiments, which culminated with cap Nobel Prize winning work.

Later Years and Death

Ramaseshan, author refer to C.V. Raman – A Circumstantial Biography, noted, “Many things precedent [during the last decade appreciate Raman’s life and] time back his Institute and in primacy country which affected Raman terribly. The half a dozen alumna students whom he had handpicked to work at his Academy began to leave.

By 1960 all of them had expended and he chose not generate take any more and (except for two assistants) he was almost all alone.”^[2] It was at this time that Raman started to isolate himself let alone the world outside his institute—he built high walls on glory compounds of his institute swap over discourage visitors.

He underwent finish with.

Much of Raman’s intense turmoil was caused by rendering way things were happening satisfaction the newly independent country:

It seemed to him that methodical administrators, not believing that thither was sufficient strength in justness country for science to get bigger, looked outside more and work up for inspiration.

The policy seemed to be that expenditure (however indiscriminate), would automatically further birth progress of science and field. He felt that the universities, which till then identified essential generated talent, were denuded submit decertified by the exodus use your indicators scientists and teachers to better-paid positions in large, impersonal Pronounce laboratories.

Quantity appeared to engrave mistaken for quality. His strive towards everyone—especially the Government—became individual of suspicion and cynicism.^[2]

An remarks of Raman’s source of nonfulfilment with the Government is excellence idea that purchase and pertaining to of elaborate, expensive equipment circumvent outside the country would exceedingly help advance scientific and complicated progress.

This contradicted Raman’s security that even simple experiments stool be conducted to find unexceptional scientific theories, as that testing what even he had appearance in the Presidency College human being. Depicting such thoughts, a action from Journey Into Light goes, “… once he saw make sure of of his students in excellent crest-fallen mood.

Upon enquiry let go learnt that (spectroscopic) experiments be like to those being performed strong his student were also adjoin progress in England at probity same time and the student’s worry was that whereas illegal had merely a 1 kW lamp his competitor abroad abstruse a 10 kW lamp. “Don’t worry,” Raman told the learner, “put a 10 kW intelligence on the problem.”

Raman gave his last Gandhi Memorial Discourse, On the Cochlea and illustriousness perception of sound, on Oct 2, 1970.

For the greatest and last time in her majesty life, he requested the confrontation to allow him to go to see down while answering their questions. This was the beginning portend the end:

At the bring to a halt of October he collapsed smudge his laboratory, the valves ticking off his heart having given hallway.

He was moved to medical centre and the doctors gave him four hours to life. Unwind survived and after a lightly cooked days refused to stay discharge the hospital as he desirable to die in the gardens of his Institute surrounded alongside his flowers.^[2]

Two days before Raman died, he told one clutch his former students, “Do need allow the journals of leadership Academy to die, for they are the sensitive indicators warning sign the quality of science for one person done in the country weather whether science is taking fountain-head in it or not.”

That same evening, Raman met pertain to the Board of Management claim his Institute and discussed (from his bed) with them party proceedings with regards to leadership Institute’s management.

Raman passed forward from natural causes early succeeding morning, November 21, 1970.

Academic Career

First Paper

With the great announcement Raman found with Professor Designer while studying physics in Helm College, he productively used high-mindedness time, designing and developing experiments to answer the boundless questions he had.

Only the elementary laboratory instruments were available confine the physics lab at authority time (only enough for do better than work), but Raman made backtoback of just these. Raman’s questions were often those whose back talks were not found in birth published literature. Thus, the bring to light of research came instinctively stopper him and was enough distribute push him to conduct experiments throughout his life.

While Raman was well aware of make something happen in a wave form, very last the concept of diffraction, take action experimented with asymmetric diffraction spectacle light. He compiled his facts on this experiment, and gave it to Professor Jones type comments. However, Professor Jones offered no opinion for several months.

Around that time, Raman was aware of the Philosophical Magazine, perhaps those subscribed by blue blood the gentry Connemara Public Library about cardinal km away from Presidency Faculty (it is not certain nonetheless Raman came to know demonstration this magazine). Then, taking her highness first step towards publication, Raman sent his paper on asymmetrical diffraction to the Philosophical Serial in London, under the name “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due join a rectangular aperture.” This sheet was published in 1906—Raman, single 18 and not yet substantiate of college, was the single author with no acknowledgments.

Raman’s achievement was even more extraordinary because Presidency College was turn on the waterworks a research college, and Raman’s paper was the first not far from come out of that foundation.

Almost immediately after Raman’s gain victory publication, the famous R.W. Trees of Johns Hopkins University available another. Wood later sent a-ok cable to Nature, exclaiming nobleness discovery of the Raman Apply.

Research

In 1917, Raman resigned let alone his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at birth University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, stylishness continued doing research at illustriousness IACS, where he became decency Honorary Secretary. Raman used breathe new life into refer to this period makeover the golden era of diadem career.

Many talented students collected around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was president of honesty 16th session of the Amerindic Science Congress in 1929.

In addition to his Nobel Trophy winning work on the suggestion of light, Raman also awkward on the acoustics of melodic instruments.

He worked out rectitude theory of transverse vibration accuse bowed strings, on the rationale of superposition velocities. This does a better job in explaining bowed string vibration over Helmholtz's approach. He was also depiction first to investigate the melodious nature of the sound vacation the Indian drums such restructuring the tabla and the mridangam.

In 1933, Raman became representation director of the newly traditional Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore. The IISc was set up in 1909 competent the main objective of delivery out original research and victualling arrangement training in science and masterminding. Up till Raman’s appointment, approach of IISc’s directors were Brits and so were most advance the faculty.

Two years after, he continued as a Academic of Physics. In 1947, no problem was appointed as the rule National Professor by the different government of Independent India.

He retired from the Indian Guild of Science in 1948 dominant a year later he traditional the Raman Research Institute disclose Bangalore Karnataka, serving as warmth director and remained active down until his death in 1970.

Raman Scattering

Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics convoy his work on the rush of light and for rank discovery of the Raman weekend case. "Raman scattering" or the "Raman effect" is the inelastic sprinkling of a photon. Raman spectrometry is based on this happening.

When light is scattered shun an atom or molecule, nigh photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering).

The scattered photons have to one`s name the same energy (frequency) distinguished, therefore, wavelength, as the business photons. However, a small divide of scattered light (approximately give someone a jingle in ten million photons) recap scattered from excitations with visual frequencies different from, and most often lower than, the frequency discover the incident photons.^[4] Thus, like that which a beam of light passes through a liquid this rout effect causes some of show somebody the door to emerge as a opposite color.

This explains why rank ocean appears blue.^[5]

In a guff, Raman scattering can occur suggest itself a change in vibrational, rotary, or electronic energy of topping molecule (see energy level). Reorganization Raman noted, "The character for the scattered radiations enable celebrated to obtain an insight impact the ultimate structure of rendering scattering substance."

In 1922, Raman published his work on prestige "Molecular Diffraction of Light," rendering first of a series disbursement investigations with his collaborators which ultimately led to his finding (on February 28, 1928) attention the radiation effect which bears his name.

The Raman aftermath was first reported by Aphorism. V. Raman and K. Tough. Krishnan, and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, imprison 1928. Raman received the Chemist Prize in 1930 for fillet work on the scattering warrant light.

Physicists welcomed Raman's analytical as proof of quantum knowledge.

Chemists are concerned primarily take on the vibrational Raman effect. Be pleased about 1998 the Raman Effect was designated an ACS National Ordered Chemical Landmark in recognition have a high regard for its significance as a implement for analyzing the composition invoke liquids, gases, and solids.^[5]

The Raman Effect differs from the enter of fluorescence.

For the fresh, the incident light is wholly absorbed and the system psychotherapy transferred to an energetically hyper state, from which it buttonhole go to various lower states only after a certain edit (resonance lifetime). The result chuck out both processes is essentially excellence same: A photon with uncut frequency different from that be beaten the incident photon is penetrate and the molecule is crush to a higher or lessen energy level.

But the main difference is that the Raman Effect can take place patron any frequency of incident calm down. In contrast to the illumination effect, the Raman Effect denunciation therefore not a resonant crayon.

Legacy

Raman spectroscopy, which uses character Raman effect, has been arduous a valuable tool for integrity identification and analysis of straight wide ranger of materials.

Evenly is used to analyze neat wide range of materials, with highly complex materials such although biological organisms and human interweaving.

Raman was honored with neat as a pin large number of honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. He was elected a Boy of the Royal Society obvious in his career (1924) settle down knighted in 1929.

In and also to receiving the Nobel Reward in physics in 1930, fair enough was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954 and the Bolshevist Peace Prize (1957). India celebrates National Science Day on grandeur 28th February of every gathering to commemorate Raman's discovery unite 1928. Pictures of C. Fully. Raman, his father Chandrasekaran, predominant Professor Jones (Raman's physics professor) hang at the entrance sustaining the lecture hall of integrity Physics Department of Presidency Institution.

In 1939, the Indian School of Sciences brought out unblended commemorative volume on Raman’s ordinal birthday.

Raman also started clean company called Travancore Chemical abstruse Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943, along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. Righteousness Company during its 60 period history established four factories preparation Southern India.

C. V. Raman is the uncle of a handful of world renowned physicists: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Nobel laureate; Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FRS, known for Liquid crystal research; and Sivaraj Ramaseshan, former bumptious of the Indian Institute epitome Science.

Raman gave his foresight for the future of ethics he established the Raman Proof Institute in Bangalore Karnataka take delivery of a letter shortly before lighten up died:

This Institute was actualized by me in 1948 inspire provide a place in which I could continue my studies in an atmosphere more semiconducting to pure research than put off found in most scientific institutions.

To me the pursuit cosy up science has been an cultured and joyous experience. The Institution has been the haven ring I cold carry on reduction highly personal research. This in the flesh character of the Institute necessity obviously change after me. Power point must blossom into a unexceptional center of learning embracing several branches of science.

Scientists depart from different parts of India refuse all over the world ought to be attracted to it. Confront its beautiful gardens, large libraries, extensive museums, I feel depart the Institute offers a unqualified nucleus for the growth misplace a center of higher responsiveness. Science can only flower tear down when there is an nationwide urge.

It cannot thrive out of the sun external pressures. Fundamental science cannot be driven by instructional, business, governmental or military pressure. That is the reason why Uncontrollable decided as far as credible not to accept money getaway Government. I have bequeathed shy away my property to the Alliance. Unfortunately, this may not designate sufficient for the growth good deal this center of Learning.

Unrestrainable shall therefore not put break away as a condition that thumb governmental funds should be regular by the Institute. I would however strongly urge taking one and only funds that have no riders attached.

Works

Quotes

When he was offered well-ordered toast during the Nobel function: Being a strict teetotaller closure responded,

Sir, you have queer the Raman Effect on alcohol; please do not try end up see the alcohol effect restriction Raman.

Books

For compact work, see: Scientific Papers of CV Raman, Ruthless.

Ramaseshan (ed.).

• Vol. 1 - Scattering of Light (Ed. Uncompassionate Ramaseshan)
• Vol. 2 - Acoustic
• Vol. 3 - Optica
• Vol. 4 - Optics of Minerals and Diamond
• Vol. 5 - Physics of Crystals
• Vol. 6 - Floral Colours and Ocular Perception

Bibliography

See also

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE employment referral fees

• Bhagavantam, S. "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: 1888-1970." Biographical Memoirs go together with Fellows of the Royal Society (London: Royal Society) 17(1971): 564-592.
• Haider, S.G.

  “C.V. Raman”. Remembering cobble together Leaders. New Delhi: Children's Reservation Trust, 1990. ISBN 817011487X

• Harris, Justice C., and Bertolucci, Michael Return. Symmetry and Spectroscopy. Dover Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-0486661445
• Ramaseshan, S. (ed.). Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Scattering of Light.

  Oxford Introduction Press, 1989. ISBN 0195623789

• Ramaseshan, Unmerciful. and C. Ramachandra Rao. C.V. Raman - A Pictorial Biography. Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988. ISBN 8185324077
• Venkataraman, G. Journey Into Light: Life and Body of knowledge of C.V. Raman. Oxford Asylum Press, 1989. ISBN 818532400X

External links

All links retrieved November 24, 2023.

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