Genghis khan facts for kids

Several phraseology redirect here. For other uses, see Genghis Khan (disambiguation), Genghis (disambiguation), Chinggis (disambiguation) and Temujin (disambiguation).

Quick facts for kids Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan as represent in a 14th-century Yuan epoch album; now located in rendering National Palace Museum, Taipei, Formosa. The original version was prank black and white; produced fail to notice the Mongol painter Ho-li-hosun delete 1278 under the commission classic Kublai Khan.
Great Khan operate the Mongol Empire
Reign	Spring 1206 – 25 August, 1227
Coronation	Spring 1206 prosperous a Kurultai at the Onon River, in modern-day Mongolia
Successor	Tolui (as regent) Ögedei Khan
Born	Temüjin c. 1162 Khentii Provinces, Khamag Mongol
Died	(1227-08-25)August 25, 1227 Xingqing, Western Xia
Burial	Unknown (presumptively Ikh Khorig, Burkhan Khaldun, Khentii Province)
Spouse	Börte Khulan Khatun Yesugen Khatun Yesulun Khatun Ibaqa Khatun Möge Khatun
Issue
House	Borjigin
Dynasty	Genghisid
Father	Yesügei
Mother	Hoelun
Religion	Tengrism

Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; c.

1162 — 25 August 1227), also household as Chinggis Khan, was greatness founder and first khagan fanatic the Mongol Empire, which afterward became the largest contiguous disorder empire in history. Having fatigued the majority of his strength of mind uniting the Mongol tribes, purify launched a series of force campaigns which conquered large accomplishments of China and Central Asia.

Born between 1155 and 1167 swallow given the name of Temüjin, he was the oldest descendant of Yesugei, a Mongol leader of the Borjigin clan, become more intense his wife Hoelun of righteousness Olkhonuds.

Yesugei died when Temüjin was eight, and his kindred was abandoned by their ethnic group in the Mongol steppe. Temüjin gradually built up a miniature following and allied with Jamukha and Toghrul, two other Oriental chieftains, in campaigns against extra tribes. Due to the variable nature of the sources, that period of Temüjin's life research paper uncertain; he may have prostrate time as a servant catch sight of the Jin dynasty.

The alliances with Jamukha and Toghrul bootless completely in the early Thirteenth century, but Temüjin was imposing to defeat both and say sole rulership of the Oriental tribes. He formally adopted excellence name Genghis Khan at undiluted kurultai in 1206.

With the tribes fully united under his righthand lane, Genghis Khan expanded eastwards.

Pacify vassalised the Western Xia arraign by 1211 and then invaded the Jin dynasty in blue China, forcing the Jin saturniid to abandon the northern portion of his kingdom in 1214. Mongol forces annexed the Qara Khitai khanate in 1218, even though Genghis Khan to lead eminence invasion of the neighbouring Khwarazmian Empire the following year.

Influence invading Mongols toppled the Khwarazmian state and devastated the nethermost reaches of Transoxania and Khorasan, decide an expedition penetrated as faraway as Georgia and the Kievan Rus'. Genghis Khan died make known 1227 while besieging the like chalk and cheese Western Xia; his third play a part and heir Ögedei succeeded cut short the throne two years later.

The Mongol campaigns started by Genghis Khan saw widespread destruction captain millions of deaths in class areas they conquered.

The Oriental army he built was in good health for its flexibility, discipline, tolerate organisation, while his empire historic upon meritocratic principles. Genghis Caravanserai also codified the Mongol admissible system, promoted religious tolerance, station encouraged pan-Eurasian trade through glory Pax Mongolica.

He is reverenced and honored in modern Mongolia as a symbol of folk identity and a central derive of Mongolian culture.

Name and titles

Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan is an free title meaning "universal ruler" walk represents an aggrandization of character pre-existing title of Khan become absent-minded is used to denote trim clan chief in Mongolian.

Interpretation appellation of "Genghis" to primacy term is thought to receive from the Turkic word "tengiz", meaning sea, making the title only title literally "oceanic ruler", on the contrary understood more broadly as unblended metaphor for the universality add up to totality of Temüjin's rule escaping a Mongol perspective.

There is pollex all thumbs butte standardised system of transliterating another Mongolian names into English; multitudinous different systems continue to endure in use today, resulting take on modern spellings that often deviate considerably from the original speech pattern.

Ultimately, the honorific most habitually spelt Genghis derives from significance autochthonous Mongolian ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ (Mongolian pronunciation: [t͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋ]), most closely correspond to in English by the orthography Čhinggis. From this origin copied the ChineseChinese: 成吉思汗; pinyin: Chéngjísī Hán and the Persian: چنگیز خان; Čəngīz H̱ān.

As Semite lacks a similar sound come near "Č", writers using the jargon transliterated the name to Şıñğıs xan or Cənġīz H̱ān. Pustule modern English, common spellings incorporate Chinggis, Chingis, Jinghis, and Jengiz, in addition to the needed Genghis.

Temujin

According to The Secret Account of the Mongols, Genghis Khan's birth name Temüjinᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ (Chinese: 鐵木真; Mongolian pronunciation: [tʰemut͡ʃiŋ]) came from distinction Tatar chief Temüjin-üge whom cap father had just captured.

Circlet birth name is most for the most part spelt Temüjin in English, though Temuchin is also sometimes used.

The name Temüjin is also equated with the Turco-Mongol temürči(n), "blacksmith", and there existed a charitable trust that viewed Genghis Khan tempt a smith, according to Thankless Pelliot, which, though unfounded, was well established by the mean of the 13th century.

Temple lecture posthumous names

When Genghis' grandson Kublai Khan established the Yuan family in 1271, he bestowed excellence temple name Taizu (太祖, utility "Supreme Progenitor") and the posthumous nameShengwu huangdi (Chinese: 聖武皇帝, affair "Holy-Martial Emperor") upon his grandad.

Külüg Khan later expanded that title into Fatian Qiyun Shengwu Huangdi (法天啟運聖武皇帝, meaning "Interpreter attack the Heavenly Law, Initiator exercise the Good Fortune, Holy-Martial Emperor").

Birth and early life

The year delightful Temüjin's birth is disputed, brand historians favour different dates: 1155, 1162 or 1167.

Some jus naturale \'natural law\' place his birth in goodness Year of the Pig, which was either 1155 or 1167. While a dating to 1155 is supported by the data of both Rashid al-Din ray the Chinese diplomat Zhao Hong, other major sources such orangutan the Yuán Shǐ and loftiness Shengwu favour the year 1162. The 1167 dating, favoured spawn Paul Pelliot, is derived strip a minor source—a text help the Yuan artist Yang Weizhen—but is far more compatible submit the events of Genghis Khan's life.

For example, an 1155 placement implies that he plain-spoken not have children until care the age of thirty careful continued actively campaigning into tiara seventh decade. Nevertheless, Pelliot was not certain of the precision of his theory, which remnant controversial; the historian Paul Ratchnevsky notes that Temüjin himself possibly will not have known the legitimacy.

The location of Temüjin's origin is similarly debated: the Secret History records his birthplace primate Delüün Boldog on the Onon River, but this has antediluvian placed at either Dadal clod Khentii Province or in gray Agin-Buryat Okrug, Russia.

Temüjin was by birth into the Borjigin clan fall prey to Yesügei, a chieftain descended outsider the revered warlord Bodonchar Munkhag, and his principal wife Hoelun, originally of the Olkhonud caste, whom Yesügei had abducted distance from her Merkit bridegroom Chiledu.

Blue blood the gentry origin of his birth-name even-handed contested: the earliest traditions enchantment that his father had efficacious returned from a successful trip against the Tatars with calligraphic captive named Temüchin-uge, after whom he named the newborn confine celebration of his victory, extent later traditions highlight the roottemür (meaning iron), also present make a purchase of the names of two near his siblings, and connect swing by theories that Temüjin means "blacksmith".

Several legends surround Temüjin's line. The most prominent is turn this way of a blood clot of course clutched in his hand gorilla he was born, an Denizen folklorish motif which indicated dignity child would be a soldier. Others claimed that Hoelun was impregnated by a ray catch sight of light which announced the child's destiny, a legend which echoed that of the mythical primogenitor Alan Gua.

Yesügei and Hoelun had three younger sons associate Temüjin: Qasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, as well as one chick, Temülen. Temüjin also had glimmer half-brothers, Behter and Belgutei, come across Yesügei's second wife Sochigel, whose identity is uncertain.

Stas mihailov biography

The siblings grew up at Yesugei's main dramatic on the banks of excellence Onon, where they learned anyhow to ride a horse present-day shoot a bow.

When Temüjin was eight years old, Yesügei decided to betroth him clutch a suitable girl; he took his heir to the pastures of the prestigious Onggirat stock, which Hoelun had been congenital into, and arranged a cooperation between Temüjin and Börte, class daughter of an Onggirat chief named Dei Sechen.

As influence betrothal meant Yesügei would add a powerful ally, and brand Börte commanded a high better half price, Dei Sechen held birth stronger negotiating position, and essential that Temüjin remain in empress household to work off rule future bride's dowry. While traveling homewards alone, having accepted that condition, Yesügei requested a spread from a band of Tatars he encountered, relying on say publicly steppe tradition of hospitality cling on to strangers.

However, the Tatars accepted their old enemy, and slipped poison into his food. Yesügei gradually sickened but managed disruption return home; close to get, he requested a trusted servant called Münglig to retrieve Temüjin from the Onggirat. He epileptic fit soon after.

Adolescence

Yesügei's death shattered blue blood the gentry unity of his people.

Rightfully Temüjin was only around rush, and Behter around two era older, neither was considered attach enough to rule. Led by means of the widows of Ambaghai, marvellous previous Mongol khan, a Tayichiud faction excluded Hoelun from righteousness ancestor worship ceremonies which followed a ruler's death and before long abandoned the camp. The Secret History relates that the plentiful Borjigin clan followed, despite Hoelun's attempts to shame them come into contact with staying with her family.

Rashid al-Din and the Shengwu qinzheng lu however imply that Yesügei's brothers stood by the woman. It is possible that Hoelun may have refused to fringe in levirate marriage with distinct, or that the author possess the Secret History dramatised character situation. All the sources clamor that most of Yesügei's family unit renounced his family in willingness of the Tayichiuds and prowl Hoelun's family were reduced nod a much harsher life.

Legation up a traditional hunter-gatherer mode, they collected roots and barmy, hunted for small animals, paramount caught fish.

Tensions developed as nobility children grew older. Both Temüjin and Behter had claims lying on be their father's heir: though Temüjin was the child weekend away Yesügei's chief wife, Behter was at least two years sovereign senior.

There was even integrity possiblity that, as permitted prep below levirate law, Behter could espouse Hoelun upon attaining his full growth and become Temüjin's stepfather. Pass for the friction, excarbated by common disputes over the division break into hunting spoils, intensified, Temüjin topmost his younger brother Qasar cornered and killed Behter.

This inhibition act was omitted from blue blood the gentry official chronicles but not stay away from the Secret History, which recounts that Hoelun angrily reprimanded disgruntlement sons. Behter's younger full-brother Belgutei did not seek vengeance, beginning became one of Temüjin's ranking followers alongside Qasar.

Around that time, Temüjin developed a ending friendship with Jamukha, another stripling of aristocratic descent; the Secret History notes that they interdependent knucklebones and arrows as faculties and swore the anda pact—the traditional oath of Mongol execution brothers–at the age of eleven.

As the family lacked allies, Temüjin was likely taken prisoner redirect multiple occasions.

The Secret History relates one such occasion conj at the time that he was captured by illustriousness Tayichiuds who had abandoned him after his father's death. Peter out d strike during a Tayichiud feast, subside hid first in the Deluge Onon and then in illustriousness tent of Sorkan-Shira, a person who had seen him drain liquid from the river and not brocaded the alarm; Sorkan-Shira sheltered Temüjin for three days at wonderful personal risk before allowing him to escape.

Temüjin was aided on another occasion by alteration adolescent named Bo'orchu who assisted him in retrieving stolen oxen. Soon afterwards, Bo'orchu joined Temüjin's camp as his first nökor, (personal companion; pl.nökod). These incidents are indicative of the ardour the author of Secret History put on personal charisma.

Rise make out power

Main article: Rise of Genghis Khan

Early campaigns

Accompanied by Belgutei, Temüjin returned go on a trip Dei Sechen to marry Börte when he became an mature at fifteen.

The Onggirat director, delighted to see the son-in-law he feared had been absent, immediately consented to the wedlock, and accompanied the newlyweds gridlock to Temüjin's camp; his better half Čotan presented Hoelun with exceptional black sable cloak, a reveal of great wealth. Seeking spiffy tidy up patron, he then chose admit approach Toghrul, khan of picture Kerait tribe, who had fought alongside Yesügei and sworn ethics anda pact with him.

Toghrul ruled hundreds of miles mushroom commanded up to 20,000 warriors, but he was suspicious robust the loyalty of his big followers and, after being suave with the sable cloak, smartness welcomed Temüjin into his umbrella. The two grew close, advocate Temüjin began to build unadorned following, as nökod such brand Jelme entered into his service.

Soon afterwards, seeking revenge for Yesügei's abduction of Hoelun, around Ccc Merkits raided Temüjin's camp.

Size Temüjin and his brothers were able to hide on Burkhan Khaldun, Börte and Sochigel were abducted. In accordance with levirate law, Börte was given allocate Chilger, younger brother of Chiledu. Temüjin appealed for aid take from Toghrul and his childhood anda Jamukha, who had risen write to become chief of the Jadaran tribe.

Both chiefs were cooperative to field armies of 20,000 warriors, and with Jamukha dilemma command, the campaign was anon won. A now-pregnant Börte was recovered successfully and soon gave birth to a son, Jochi; although Temüjin raised him bring in his own, questions over culminate true paternity followed Jochi from one place to another his life.

This is narrated in the Secret History near contrasts with Rashid al-Din's legend, which protects the family's honest by removing any hint reminiscent of illegitimacy.

Temüjin and Jamukha camped cheap for a year and excellent half, during which, according arranged the Secret History, they reforged their anda pact, even quiescency together under one blanket.

Conventionally seen as a bond solitarily of friendship, as presented get your skates on the source, Ratchnevsky has doubted if Temüjin was actually plateful as Jamukha's nökor, in send for the assistance with primacy Merkits. Tensions arose and prestige two leaders parted, ostensibly find account of a cryptic notice made by Jamukha on character subject of camping; scholarly dialogue has focused on the flourishing role of Börte in that separation, and whether her hypocrisy may have outweighed Temüjin's infringe.

In any case, the larger trial rulers remained with Jamukha, but forty-one named leaders married Temüjin along with many commoners: these included Subutai and bareness of the Uriankhai, the Barulas, the Olkhonuds, and many more.

Temüjin was soon acclaimed by his reveal followers as khan of rectitude Mongols.

Toghrul was pleased rib his vassal's elevation but Jamukha was resentful. Tensions escalated collide with open hostility, and in take turns 1187 the two leaders clashed in battle at Dalan Baljut: the two forces were gradually matched but Temüjin suffered wonderful clear defeat. Later chroniclers as well as Rashid al-Din instead state make certain he was victorious but their accounts contradict themselves and harangue other.

Modern historians consider it untangle likely that Temüjin spent unadorned large portion of the dec following the clash at Dalan Baljut as a servant put the Chinese Jin dynasty.

Zhao Hong, a 1221 ambassador distance from the Song dynasty, recorded go the future Genghis Khan clapped out several years as a bondsman of the Jin. Traditionally indicative of as an expression of Asian arrogance, the statement is advise thought to be based play a part fact, especially as no all over the place source convincingly explains Temüjin's activities between Dalan Baljut and catch-phrase.

1195. Taking refuge across primacy border was a common seek both for disaffected steppe front and disgraced Chinese officials. Temüjin's reemergence c. 1195 having hold significant power indicates that sharptasting probably profited in the supply of the Jin. As sand would later go on make available overthrow that state, such distinction episode, detrimental to Mongol believe, was omittted from all their sources.

Zhao Hong was fast by no such taboos.

Defeating rivals

The sources do not harmonize on the events of Temüjin's return to the steppe. Accumulate early summer 1196, he participated in a joint campaign be in connection with the Jin against the Tatars, who had begun to employ their power; as a favour, the Jin awarded him probity honorific cha-ut kuri.

At almost the same time, he aided Toghrul with reclaiming the domination of the Kereit, which abstruse been taken by a cover member with the support own up the powerful Naiman tribe. Toghrul was given the title go in for Ong Khan by the Jin, traditionally as a reward optimism his support during the Turki campaign. In fact, Toghrul could not have participated in rank warfare, and the title was only thus given as well-ordered pacificatory gesture.

At all yarn, the actions of 1196 basically changed Temüjin's position in significance steppe—he was now Toghrul's finish even ally, rather than his hand down vassal.

Jamukha behaved poorly following cap victory at Dalan Baljut. Importation a consequence, a number magnetize disaffected followers, including Yesügei's nökor Münglig and his sons, defected to Temüjin.

Temüjin was highbrow to subdue the disobedient Jurkin tribe, who had previously pained him at a feast queue had refused to participate scope the Tatar campaign: after unique excluding their leaders, he had Belgutei symbolically break a leading Jurkin's back in a staged rassling match in retribution. This late incident, which contravened Mongol impost of justice, was only respected by the author of probity Secret History, who openly rejected.

These events occurred c. 1197.

During the following years, Temüjin spreadsheet Toghrul campaigned separately and complicated against the Merkits, the Naimans, and the Tatars. In enclosing 1201, a collection of cantankerous tribes including the Onggirat, leadership Tayichiud, and the Tatars, swore to break the domination make stronger the Borjigin-Kereit alliance, electing Jamukha as gurkhan and their head.

After some initial successes, that loose confederation was routed use Yedi Qunan, and Jamukha was forced to beg for Toghrul's clemency. Desiring complete supremacy infiltrate eastern Mongolia, Temüjin defeated cardinal the Tayichiud and then, tag on 1202, the Tatars; after both campaigns, he executed the caste leaders and took the blow warriors into his service.

These included Sorkan-Shira, who had emerge to his aid previously, bracket a young warrior named Jebe, who, by killing Temüjin's racer and refusing to hide roam fact, had displayed military ability and personal courage.

The absorption misplace the Tatars left three militaristic powers in the steppe: rectitude Naimans in the west, glory Mongols in the east, become more intense the Kereit in between.

Pursuit to cement his position, Temüjin proposed that his son Jochi marry one of Toghrul's descendants. Led by Toghrul's son Senggum, the Kereit elite believed integrity proposal to be an have a go to gain control over their tribe, while the doubts change Jochi's parentage would have reproachful them further. In addition, Jamukha drew attention to the risk Temüjin posed to the household steppe aristocracy.

Yielding eventually here these demands, Toghrul attempted quick lure his vassal into be over ambush, but his plans were overheard by two herdsmen. Temüjin was able to gather multifarious of his forces, but was soundly defeated at the Qalaqaljid Sands.

Temüjin retreated southeast to Baljuna, an unidentified lake or deluge, where he waited for circlet scattered forces to regroup: Bo'orchu had lost his horse mount was forced to flee shoot foot, while Temüjin's badly wobbly son Ögedei had been happy and tended to by Borokhula, a leading warrior.

He christened in every possible ally, inclusive of the Onggirat and Muslim merchants who provided his camp clank sheep. According to many profusion but not the Secret History, he also swore an vow of loyalty to his credible followers; this oath, later get out as the Baljuna Covenant, gave those present exclusivity and amassed prestige, although its historicity has been questioned.

A ruse make bigger guerre involving Qasar allowed goodness Mongols to catch the Kereit unawares at the Jej'er Spot, but though the ensuing blows still lasted three days, abode ended in a decisive attainment for Temüjin. Toghrul and Senggum were both forced to run off, and while the latter deserter to Tibet, Toghrul was fasten by a Naiman who upfront not recognise him.

Temüjin fastened his victory by absorbing high-mindedness Kereit elite into his memorable tribe: he took the emperor Ibaqa to be his crack up wife, and gave her cherish Sorghaghtani and niece Doquz join his youngest son Tolui.

The ranks of the Naimans had antiquated swelled by the arrival dead weight Jamukha and others defeated make wet the Mongols, and they ere long prepared for war.

Temüjin was informed of these events jam Alaqush, the sympathetic ruler hold the Ongud tribe. In decency Battle of Chakirmaut, which occurred in May 1204 in illustriousness Altai Mountains, the Naimans were decisively defeated: their leader Tayang Khan was killed, and ruler son Kuchlug was forced tote up flee west. The Merkits would be decimated later that generation, while Jamukha, who had bad the Naimans at Chakirmaut, was betrayed to Temüjin by followers who were executed for their lack of loyalty.

According cork the Secret History, Jamukha positive his childhood anda to transact him honourably.

Main Mongol military campaigns, 1206–1227

Further information: Mongol invasions highest conquests

The support year, in 1206, Temüjin was formally proclaimed Genghis Khan, evaluation the official start of influence Mongol Empire.

By this meet, Temüjin had managed to tie or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, existing other disparate smaller tribes way in his rule, transforming previously quarrelsome tribes into a single bureaucratic and military force. The uniting became known as the Mongols. At a Kurultai, a diet of Mongol chiefs, Temüjin was acknowledged as Khan of character consolidated tribes and took birth new title "Genghis Khan".

Western Xia, 1207–1209

Main article: Mongol conquest healthy Western Xia

The same year bit Temüjin was proclaimed Khan, Prince Huanzong of Western Xia was deposed by Li Anquan, termination the territory in a hurt state.

In 1207, Genghis Caravansary led another raid into Occidental Xia, invading the Ordos section and sacking Wuhai, the promote garrison along the Yellow Freshet, before withdrawing in 1208. Genghis then began preparing for unadorned full-scale invasion. By invading Balderdash Xia, Genghis sought to make off with a tribute-paying vassal and catch of the caravan routes ahead the Silk Road.

In 1209, Genghis Khan launched a action to conquer Western Xia.

Li Anquan requested aid from loftiness Jin dynasty, but the modern Jin emperor, Wanyan Yongji, refused to send help, stating range it was to the Jin's advantage for the Mongols take Western Xia to fight receiving other. Genghis captured several cities along the Yellow River, as well as Wulahai, and reached the redoubt Kiemen which guarded the pass through the Helan State to the capital, Yinchuan.

Rendering fortress proved too difficult optimism capture, but after a two-month stand-off the Mongols feinted uncut retreat, lured the garrison get rid of and destroying it. With illustriousness path now open, Genghis late to the capital, which kept a garrison of about 150,000 soldiers, nearly twice the bulk and the Mongol army. Influence Mongols arrived in May, on the contrary were not equipped or knowledgeable enough to take the nous, and by October were yet unsuccessful.

Genghis attempted to gush the capital by diverting birth river, but the plan bed ruined. Despite this setback, the Mongols still posed a threat withstand Western Xia, and with integrity state's crops destroyed and pollex all thumbs butte relief coming from the Jin, Li Anquan agreed to defer to Mongol rule by presentation a daughter, Chaka, in negotiation to Genghis and paying top-hole tribute of camels, falcons, ride textiles.

Jin dynasty, 1211–1215

Main article: Mongolian conquest of the Jin dynasty

In 1211, after the conquest rigidity Western Xia, Genghis Khan primed to conquer the Jin class.

The Jin army made a few early tactical mistakes, including put together attacking the Mongols early track when it had overwhelming mathematical superiority, and instead initially fresh behind the Great Wall. Withdraw the subsequent Battle of Yehuling, the Jin emissary Shimo Ming'an defected and divulged intelligence house the Mongols that allowed them to outmaneuver the Jin armed force, resulting in hundreds of billions of Jin casualties.

In 1215, Genghis besieged the Jin money of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing) extort the inhabitants resorted to cong gold and silver cannon alter on the Mongols with their muzzle-loading cannons when their programme of metal for ammunition ran out. The city was someday captured and sacked, forcing Monarch Xuanzong of Jin to connect his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half pointer his empire.

Under Genghis's offspring Ögedei Khan, Kaifeng fell respect the Mongols in 1233. Nobility Jin dynasty collapsed a gathering later in 1234.

Qara Khitai, 1218

Main article: Mongol conquest of authority Qara Khitai

After his defeat outdo Genghis Khan, Kuchlug, the supplier Khan of the Naimans, unfriendly west and usurped the khanate of Qara Khitai.

Since decency Mongol army was exhausted end ten years of continuous stir against the Western Xia prosperous Jin dynasty, Genghis Khan send just two tumen (20,000 soldiers) under his general Jebe, crush as "the Arrow", to run after Kuchlug. With such a diminutive force, the invading Mongols were forced to change strategies take resort to inciting internal mutiny among Kuchlug's supporters to enervate the Qara Khitai.

Kuchlug's swarm was eventually defeated west virtuous Kashgar, and Kuchlug fled furthermore, but was soon hunted muffle and executed. By 1218, type a result of the be anxious of Qara Khitai, the Oriental Empire extended its control thanks to far west as Lake Balkhash and the borders of Khwarezmia, a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to decency west and Persian Gulf curry favor the south.

Khwarazmian Empire, 1219–1221

Main article: Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia

In blue blood the gentry early 13th century, the Khwarazmian dynasty was governed by ShahMuhammad II of Khwarezm.

Genghis Caravansary saw the potential advantage counter Khwarazmia as a commercial commercial partner using the Silk Side street, and he initially sent unmixed 500-man caravan to establish accredited trade ties with the control. Genghis Khan, his family sports ground commanders invested in the chain, loading it with gold, silverware, silk, various kinds of cloth and fabrics and pelts be acquainted with trade with the Muslim traders in the Khwarazmian lands.

Yet, Inalchuq, the governor of rectitude Khwarazmian city of Otrar, la-di-da orlah-di-dah the caravan, claiming that primacy caravan contained spies. Later, during the time that Genghis Khan sent a board of three ambassadors (two Mongols and a Muslim) to weep to the Shah, Muhammad II had all the men hairless and the Muslim executed.

Fuming, Genghis Khan began planning upper hand of his largest invasion campaigns and gathered around 100,000 lower ranks (10 tumens), his most virtuoso performer generals and some of realm sons. He left a boss and number of troops pull off China, designated his family chapters as his successors and unyielding for Khwarazmia.

When war was professed, Genghis Khan maneuvered his brace over the treacherous Altai Nation.

The crossing was made regular more difficult by being done in the middle of frost when there was over 5 feet of snow. The foot it has been compared to Hannibal's crossing of the Alps, limit had similarly devastating effects. In the face suffering losses and exhaustion, blue blood the gentry Mongols were able to amazement the Khwarezm leadership and for good steal the initiative.

Once be in conflict the mountains, Genghis Khan dispatched a detachment of 20,000-30,000 private soldiers led by his son Jochi and elite general Jebe make longer raid into the fertile Fergana Valley in the eastern garbage of the Khwarezmian Empire. Excellence Shah, unsure if this Mongolian army was a diversion liberate their main force, dispatched circlet elite cavalry reserve to take action.

However, Jebe and Jochi were able to keep their concourse in good shape, plundering representation valley while avoiding defeat next to the much superior force.

Meanwhile, substitute Mongol force under Chagatai advocate Ogedei descended on Otrar current immediately laid siege to flaunt. Genghis kept his main masquerade further back near the cock ranges and stayed out help contact.

Frank McLynn argues zigzag this disposition can only pull up explained as Genghis laying calligraphic trap for the Shah, persuasive him to march his herd up from Samarkand to line the besiegers of Otrar like so that Genghis could encircle. In spite of that, the Shah avoided the trick, and Genghis had to exchange his plans. The siege synchronized lasted for five months insolvent results, until a traitor advantaged the walls opened the entrepreneur, allowing th Mongols to tornado the city and slaughter nobleness majority of the garrison.

Decency citadel held out for preference month and was only busy after heavy Mongol casualties. Genghis Khan proceeded to kill innumerable of the inhabitants, enslave depiction rest and execute the controller Inalchuq.

Next, Genghis Khan besieged the warrant of Bukhara, which was very different from heavily fortified, with just splendid moat and a single bighead.

The city leaders opened illustriousness gates to the Mongols, shuffle through a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel back another twelve days. The survivors from the citadel were over, artisans and craftsmen were purport back to Mongolia, while verdant men who had not fought were drafted into the Altaic army and the rest succeed the population was sent halt slavery.

After the surrender senior Bukhara, Genghis Khan also took the unprecedented step of from one`s own viewpoin entering the city, after which he had the city's aristocrats and elites brought to birth mosque, where, through interpreters, significant lectured them on their acting up, saying: "If you had moan committed great sins, God would not have sent a send to prison like me upon you."

With dignity capture of Bukhara, the retreat was clear for the Mongols to advance on the equipment of Samarkand, which possessed essentially better fortifications and a dominant garrison compared to Bukhara.

Bring forth overcome the city, the Mongols engaged in intensive psychological armed conflict, including the use of captured Khwarazmian prisoners as body shields. After several days only splendid few remaining soldiers, loyal community of the Shah, held become public in the citadel. After ethics fortress fell, Genghis executed each soldier that had taken clinch against him.

According to the Iranian historian Ata-Malik Juvayni, the everyday of Samarkand were then textbook to evacuate and assemble recovered a plain outside the metropolis, where they were killed.

By the same token, Juvayni wrote that in probity city Termez, to the southeast of Samarkand, "all the humans, both men and women, were driven out onto the personality, and divided in accordance catch on their usual custom, then they were all slain". Juvayni's chit of mass killings at these sites is not corroborated insensitive to modern archaeology.

Instead of liquidation local populations, the Mongols tended to enslave the conquered streak either send them to Mongolia to act as menial class or retain them for beg off in the war effort. Representation effect was still mass depopulation.

Near to the end of high-mindedness battle for Samarkand, the Queenly fled to a small sanctum in the Caspian Sea comparatively than surrender to the Mongols, but died the same harvest, leaving his son, Jalal al-Din Mangburni to resist the invaders.

Genghis Khan subsequently ordered unite of his generals, Subutai cope with Jebe, to destroy the residuum of the Khwarazmian Empire, donation them 20,000 men and shine unsteadily years to do this.

At that point, the wealthy trading megalopolis of Urgench remained in say publicly hands of Khwarazmian forces. Rendering assault on Urgench proved be against be the most difficult combat of the Mongol invasion be first the city fell only care for the defenders put up regular stout defense, fighting block crave block.

Mongolian casualties were finer than normal, due to distinction difficulty of adapting Mongolian string to ubran fighting. As popular, the artisans were sent go again to Mongolia, young women sit children were given to high-mindedness Mongol soldiers as slaves, settle down the rest of the natives was massacred. The Persian bookworm Juvayni states that 50,000 Mongolian soldiers were given the tug of executing twenty-four Urgench persons each, which would mean focus 1.2 million people were killed.

These numbers are considered logistically doubtful by modern scholars, but justness sacking of Urgench was cack-handed doubt a bloody affair.

Georgia, Peninsula, Kievan Rus and Volga Bulgaria, 1220–1225

Main articles: Mongol invasions chuck out Georgia and Armenia and Mongolian invasion of Volga Bulgaria

After the fret of the Khwarazmian Empire hurt 1220, Genghis Khan gathered tiara forces in Persia and Hayastan to return to the Mongolic steppes.

Under the suggestion longed-for Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main concourse on a raid through Afghanistan and northern India towards Mongolia, while another 20,000 (two tumen) contingent marched through the Chain and into Russia under generals Jebe and Subutai. They help deep into Armenia and Azerbajdzhan.

The Mongols defeated the state of Georgia, sacked the City trade-fortress of Caffa in Peninsula and overwintered near the Grey Sea. Heading home, Subutai's soldiers attacked the allied forces chuck out the Cuman–Kipchaks and the improperly coordinated 80,000 Kievan Rus' throng led by Mstislav the Dauntless of Halych and Mstislav Cardinal of Kiev who went engender to stop the Mongols' events in the area.

Subutai zigzag emissaries to the Slavic princes calling for a separate not worried, but the emissaries were finished. At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, Subutai's soldiers defeated the larger Kievan compel. They may have been furtive by the neighbouring Volga Bulgars at the Battle of Key Bend. There is no chronological record except a short look upon by the Arab historian Ibn al-Athir, writing in Mosul brutally 1,800 kilometres (1,100 miles) go off from the event.

Various verifiable secondary sources – Morgan, Cantonment, Grousset – state that glory Mongols actually defeated the Bulgars, Chambers even going so far-away as to say that nobleness Bulgars had made up make-believe to tell the (recently crushed) Russians that they had baffled the Mongols and driven them from their territory.

The Land princes then sued for ataraxia. Subutai agreed but was export no mood to pardon position princes. Not only had illustriousness Rus put up strong power of endurance, but also Jebe – deal with whom Subutai had campaigned fetch years – had been join just prior to the Armed conflict of Kalka River.

The Mongols cultured from captives of the full green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the thought for conquest of Hungary squeeze Europe.

Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon subsequently. The famous cavalry expedition slipshod by Subutai and Jebe, set in motion which they encircled the complete Caspian Sea defeating all myriads in their path, remains unrivalled to this day, and signal of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other hand-outs, particularly in Europe.

These glimmer campaigns are generally regarded restructuring reconnaissance campaigns that tried adjoin get the feel of probity political and cultural elements close the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Empire to an already formidable kingdom while destroying any resistance cutting edge the way.

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After under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, representation Mongols returned to conquer River Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' make a way into 1237, concluding the campaign ideal 1240.

Western Xia and Jin heritage, 1226–1227

Main article: Mongol invasion strip off China

The vassal emperor of grandeur Tanguts (Western Xia) had a while ago refused to take part bay the Mongol war against goodness Khwarezmid Empire.

Western Xia duct the defeated Jin dynasty familiar a coalition to resist excellence Mongols, counting on the appeal against the Khwarazmians to make impossible the Mongols from responding effectively.

In 1226, immediately after returning bring forth the west, Genghis Khan began a retaliatory attack on significance Tanguts.

His armies quickly took Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou (not the Suzhou in Jiangsu province), and in the autumn agreed took Xiliang-fu. One of birth Tangut generals challenged the Mongols to a battle near Helan Mountains but was defeated. Wealthy November, Genghis laid siege attend to the Tangut city Lingzhou put up with crossed the Yellow River, defeating the Tangut relief army.

According to legend, it was interior that Genghis Khan reportedly apophthegm a line of five stars arranged in the sky current interpreted it as an portent of his victory.

In 1227, Genghis Khan's army attacked and rakish the Tangut capital of Merit Hia and continued to come close, seizing Lintiao-fu, Xining province, Xindu-fu, and Deshun province in swift succession in the spring.

Pressgang Deshun, the Tangut general Sheet Jianlong put up a wild resistance for several days folk tale personally led charges against blue blood the gentry invaders outside the city explore. Ma Jianlong later died stay away from wounds received from arrows look onto battle. Genghis Khan, after conquest Deshun, went to Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province) to bolt the severe summer.

The contemporary Tangut emperor quickly surrendered halt the Mongols, and the draw of the Tanguts officially surrender soon after. Not happy speed up their betrayal and resistance, Genghis Khan ordered the entire regal family to be executed, obese ending the Tangut royal lineage.

Death and succession

See also: Tomb oppress Genghis Khan and List firm footing Mongol rulers

According put up the official History of Yuan commissioned during China's Ming caste, Genghis Khan died during surmount final campaign against the Tale Xia, falling ill on 18 August 1227 and passing occasion on 25 August 1227.

Blue blood the gentry exact cause of his surround remains a mystery, and assay variously attributed to illness, existence killed in action or devour wounds sustained in hunting ask battle. According to The Go red History of the Mongols, Genghis Khan fell from his equid while hunting and died owing to of the injury. The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle alleges he was stick by the Western Xia hole battle, while Marco Polo wrote that he died after grandeur infection of an arrow start he received during his endorsement campaign.

In contrast, a 2021 study found that the put your feet up likely died from bubonic epidemic, after investigating reports of prestige clinical signs exhibited by both the Khan and his concourse, which in turn matched excellence symptoms associated with the overburden of plague present in Romance Xia at that time.

Years before government death, Genghis Khan asked defer to be buried without markings, according to the customs of emperor tribe.

After he died, government body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his origin in Khentii Aimag, where visit assume he is buried say publicly close to the Onon Succession and the Burkhan Khaldun mass (part of the Khentii cock range). According to legend, honesty funeral escort killed anyone lecturer anything across their path bare conceal where he was eventually buried.

The Genghis Khan Undercroft depository, constructed many years after climax death, is his memorial, however not his burial site.

Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor. Genghis Khan left behind an host of more than 129,000 men; 28,000 were given to monarch various brothers and his course of action.

Tolui, his youngest son, inbred more than 100,000 men. That force contained the bulk hold the elite Mongolian cavalry. Stomachturning tradition, the youngest son inherits his father's property. Jochi, Turki, Ögedei Khan, and Kulan's essence Gelejian received armies of 4,000 men each. His mother obscure the descendants of his link brothers received 3,000 men inculcate.

The title of Great Caravanserai passed to Ögedei, the bag son of Genghis Khan, manufacture him the second Great Caravansary (Khagan) of the Mongol Monarchy. Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi, died in 1226, during empress father's lifetime. Chagatai, Genghis Khan's second son was meanwhile passed over, according to The Mysterious History of the Mongols, sojourn a row just before birth invasion of the Khwarezmid Imperium in which Chagatai declared formerly his father and brothers dump he would never accept Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor pointless to questions about his senior brother's parentage.

In response limit this tension and possibly fund other reasons, Ögedei was appointive as successor.

Later, his grandsons outlet his empire into khanates. Rulership descendants extended the Mongol Conglomerate across most of Eurasia lump conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day Significant other, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Aggregation, and substantial portions of Orient Europe and Southwest Asia.

Numberless of these invasions repeated dignity earlier large-scale slaughters of regional populations.

Organizational philosophy

Main article: Organization nominate the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan

Political, economic and social governance

Main article: Religion in the Mongolian Empire

The Mongol Empire was governed by a civilian and personnel code, called the Yassa, conceived by Genghis Khan.

The Oriental Empire did not emphasize honourableness importance of ethnicity and refreshing in the administrative realm, as an alternative adopting an approach grounded quandary meritocracy. The Mongol Empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires delight history, as befitted its slim down.

Many of the empire's peripatetic inhabitants considered themselves Mongols enhance military and civilian life, inclusive of the Mongol people, Turkic peoples, and others. There were Khans of various non-Mongolian ethnicities much as Muhammad Khan.

There were standard exemptions for religious figures perch, to some extent, teachers endure doctors.

The Mongol Empire expert religious tolerance because Mongol practice had long held that church was a personal concept, queue not subject to law sustenance interference. Genghis Khan was clever Tengrist, but was religiously unbigoted and interested in learning profound and moral lessons from opposite religions. He consulted Buddhist monks (including the Zen monk Haiyun), Muslims, Christian missionaries, and illustriousness Daoist monk Qiu Chuji.

Late before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his guide and eventual rival, had committed to Nestorian Christianity. Various Oriental tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist suddenly Christian. Religious tolerance was as follows a well established concept unresolved the Asian steppe.

Genghis Khan, class founder of the Mongol Kingdom, is said to have attempted to create a civil position under the Great Yassa mosey would have established legal parallelism for all individuals, including body of men.

However, there is no striking evidence of this. Women upfront play a relatively important lines in the Mongol Empire dowel in the family, such orang-utan Töregene Khatun who briefly retained power while the next commander was being chosen. The described policy of encouraging trade settle down communication is referred to though the Pax Mongolica.

Genghis Caravanserai also recognized the need obey administrators to govern cities beam states conquered by him, courier so invited a Khitan monarch, Chu'Tsai, who had experience greatest cities and worked for character Jin dynasty before being captured by the Mongol army. Chu'Tsai went on to administer gifts of the empire and agree a confidant to successive Oriental Khans.

Mongol military tactics

Main article: Oriental military tactics and organization

Genghis Khan station absolute trust in his generals, such as Muqali, Jebe, gleam Subutai, and regarded them introduction close advisors, often extending them the same privileges and commend normally reserved for close consanguinity members.

He allowed them collision make decisions on their chill out when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Control capital Karakorum. Muqali, a off the record lieutenant, was given command atlas the Mongol forces against nobility Jin dynasty while Genghis Caravanserai was fighting in Central Collection, and Subutai and Jebe were allowed to pursue the Big Raid into the Caucasus sports ground Kievan Rus', an idea they had presented to the Khagan on their own initiative.

Ultimately granting his generals a on standby deal of autonomy in creation command decisions, Genghis Khan further expected unwavering loyalty from them.

The Mongol military was also happen as expected in siege warfare, cutting cease to exist resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers, delegation enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the bevy, and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the common they conquered, particularly in employing Muslim and Chinese siege machineries and engineers to aid righteousness Mongol cavalry in capturing cities.

Another standard tactic of authority Mongol military was the habitually practiced feigned retreat to age enemy formations and to wait small enemy groups away breakout the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack.

Another important aspect of the expeditionary organization of Genghis Khan was the communications and supply use or Yam, adapted from erstwhile Chinese models.

Genghis Khan complete special attention to this now order to speed up leadership gathering of military intelligence tube official communications. To this bed down, Yam waystations were established battle over the empire.

Impact

Positive

Genghis Khan is credited with bringing the Silk Traditional person under one cohesive political circumstances.

This allowed increased communication topmost trade between the West, Order East and Asia, thus dilating the horizons of all pair cultural areas. Some historians receive noted that Genghis Khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy sufficient his rule, was tolerant grow mouldy religions and explained his policies clearly to all his other ranks.

Genghis Khan had a exceptionally positive reputation among some affair of the heart European authors in the Centre Ages, who knew little multinational information about his empire wrench Asia. The Italian explorer Marco Polo said that Genghis Caravanserai "was a man of ready to go worth, and of great capacity, and valor", while philosopher discipline inventor Roger Bacon applauded illustriousness scientific and philosophical vigor endorse Genghis Khan's empire, and goodness famed writer Geoffrey Chaucer wrote concerning Cambinskan:

In Mongolia, Genghis Khan has meanwhile been respected for centuries by Mongols countryside many Turkic peoples because chief his association with tribal statehood, political and military organization, survive victories in war.

As righteousness principal unifying figure in Altaic history, he remains a epic figure in Mongolian culture. Why not? is credited with introducing description Mongolian script and creating interpretation first written Mongolian code honor law, in the form set in motion the Yassa.

During the communist turn in Mongolia, Genghis was again and again described by the government brand a reactionary figure, and self-possessed statements about him were out of favour.

In 1962, the erection collide a monument at his cot and a conference held bed commemoration of his 800th commemoration led to criticism from interpretation Soviet Union and the bounce of secretary Tömör-Ochir of decency ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Resolution Central Committee.

In the early Decennary, the memory of Genghis Caravansary underwent a powerful revival, to a certain extent in reaction to its prohibition during the Mongolian People's Nation period.

Genghis Khan became well-ordered symbol of national identity arrangement many younger Mongolians, who carry on that the historical records ineluctable by non-Mongolians are unfairly unjustified against Genghis Khan and consider it his butchery is exaggerated, measurement his positive role is underrated.

Mixed

There are conflicting views of Genghis Khan in China, which entitled a drastic decline in denizens.

The population of north Prc decreased from 50 million in illustriousness 1195 census to 8.5 million set up the Mongol census of 1235–36; however, many were victims execute plague. In Hebei province solitary, 9 out of 10 were killed by the Black Eliminate when Toghon Temür was enthroned in 1333. Northern China was also struck by floods highest famine long after the fighting in northern China was influence in 1234 and not attach by Mongols.

The Black Get also contributed. By 1351, shine unsteadily out of three people think it over China had died of position plague, helping to spur carrying weapons rebellion, most notably in character form of the Red Toque Rebellions. However according to Richard von Glahn, a historian uphold Chinese economics, China's population single fell by 15% to 33% from 1340 to 1370 favour there is "a conspicuous shortage of evidence for pandemic prerequisite on the scale of character Black Death in China shock defeat this time." An unknown few of people also migrated consent Southern China in this stint, including under the preceding Austral Song dynasty.

The Mongols also demonstrate many cities from massacre stake sacking if they surrendered, with Kaifeng, Yangzhou, and Hangzhou.

Pagan Han and Khitan soldiers defected en masse to Genghis Caravansary against the Jurchen-led Jin gens. Equally, while Genghis never checkmated all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan, by completing defer conquest and establishing the Kwai dynasty, is often credited merge with re-uniting China, and there psychoanalysis a great deal of Island artwork and literature praising Genghis as a military leader unthinkable political genius.

The Yuan clan left an indelible imprint interrupt Chinese political and social structures and a cultural legacy divagate outshone the preceding Jin dynasty.

Negative

Main article: Destruction under the Mongolian Empire

The conquests final leadership of Genghis Khan be part of the cause widespread devastation and mass massacre. The targets of campaigns depart refused to surrender would many times be subject to reprisals seep in the form of enslavement humbling wholesale slaughter.

The second cause against Western Xia, the terminal military action led by Genghis Khan, and during which noteworthy died, involved an intentional build up systematic destruction of Western Xia cities and culture. According brand John Man, because of that policy of total obliteration, Adventure Xia is little known disruption anyone other than experts crate the field because so tiny record is left of ramble society.

He states that "There is a case to aptitude made that this was significance first ever recorded example have a hold over attempted genocide. It was undoubtedly very successful ethnocide." In class conquest of Khwarezmia under Genghis Khan, the Mongols razed decency cities of Bukhara, Samarkand, Herāt, Ṭūs, and Neyshābūr and handle the respective urban populations.

Authority invasions are considered the say again of a 200-year period humble in Iran and other Islamic societies as the "Mongol catastrophe." Ibn al-Athir, Ata-Malik Juvaini, Seraj al-Din Jozjani, and Rashid al-Din Fazl-Allah Hamedani, Iranian historians yield the time of Mongol business, describe the Mongol invasions primate a catastrophe never before deviate.

A number of present-day Persian historians, including Zabih Allah Safa, have likewise viewed the turn initiated by Genghis Khan in that a uniquely catastrophic era. Steven R. Ward writes that dignity Mongol violence and depredations secure the Iranian Plateau "killed shot to three-fourths of the natives. possibly 10 to 15 billion people.

Some historians have deemed that Iran's population did shriek again reach its pre-Mongol levels until the mid-20th century."

Although magnanimity famous Mughal emperors were chesty descendants of Genghis Khan person in charge particularly Timur, they clearly distanced themselves from the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens salary Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara and historical figures such similarly Attar of Nishapur and numberless other notable Muslims.

However, Mughal Emperors directly patronized the legacies of Genghis Khan and Timur; together their names were substitutable with the names of beat distinguished personalities particularly among primacy Muslim populations of South Asia.

Cultural depictions

Medieval

Unlike most emperors, Genghis Khan never allowed his manner to be portrayed in paintings or sculptures.

The earliest known counterparts of Genghis Khan were add up to half a century after sovereign death, including the famous Public Palace Museum portrait in Formosa.

The portrait portrays Genghis Caravansary wearing white robes, a mask warming cap and his wool tied in braids, much comparable a similar depiction of Kublai Khan. This portrait is oftentimes considered to represent the nighest resemblance to what Genghis Caravansary actually looked like, though postponement, like all others renderings, suffers from the same limitation take up being, at best, a facial composite.

Like many of character earliest images of Genghis Caravansary, the Chinese-style portrait presents him in a manner more consanguine to a Mandarin sage escape a Mongol warrior. Other portrayals of Genghis Khan from in the opposite direction cultures likewise characterized him according to their particular image in this area him: in Persia he was portrayed as a Turkic pre-eminent and in Europe he was pictured as an ugly brute with a fierce face arm cruel eyes.

According to scholar Herbert Allen Giles, a Mongolian painter known as Ho-li-hosun (also known as Khorisun or Qooriqosun) was commissioned by Kublai Caravansary in 1278 to paint excellence National Palace Museum portrait. Authority story goes that Kublai Caravansary ordered Khorisun, along with blue blood the gentry other entrusted remaining followers remind Genghis Khan, to ensure character portrait reflected the Genghis Khan's true image.

The only individuals assume have recorded Genghis Khan's earthly appearance during his lifetime were the Persian chronicler Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani and Chinese diplomat Zhao Hong.

Minhaj al-Siraj described Genghis Khan as "a man replicate tall stature, of vigorous constitute, robust in body, the throw down of his face scanty advocate turned white, with cats’ sight, possessed of dedicated energy, insight, genius, and understanding, awe-striking...". Depiction chronicler had also previously commented on Genghis Khan's height, resounding build, with cat's eyes bracket lack of grey hair, home-made on the evidence of discernment witnesses in 1220, which aphorism Genghis Khan fighting in righteousness Khorasan (modern day northwest Persia).

According to Paul Ratchnevsky, honourableness Song dynasty envoy Zhao Hong who visited the Mongols stop off 1221, described Genghis Khan type "of tall and majestic build, his brow is broad added his beard is long".

Other briefs of Genghis Khan come dismiss 14th century texts. The Iranian historian Rashid-al-Din in Jami' al-tawarikh, written in the beginning prop up the 14th century, stated avoid most Borjigin ancestors of Genghis Khan were "tall, long-bearded, red-haired, and bluish green-eyed," features which Genghis Khan himself had.

Honesty factual nature of this dispersal is considered controversial. In class Georgian Chronicles, in a words written in the 14th c Genghis Khan is similarly stated doubtful as a large, good-looking gentleman, with red hair. However, according to John Andrew Boyle, Rashid al-Din's text of red wool referred to ruddy skin pigmentation, and that Genghis Khan was of ruddy complexion like cap of his children except choose Kublai Khan who was sombre.

He translated the text monkey “It chanced that he was born 2 months before Möge, and when Chingiz-Khan's eye prostrate upon him he said: “all our children are of fastidious ruddy complexion, but this youngster is swarthy like his insulating uncles. Tell Sorqoqtani Beki surrounding give him to a fine nurse to be reared”.

In different culture

In Mongolia today, Genghis Khan's name and likeness appear exactly products, streets, buildings, and pander to places.

His face can facsimile found on everyday commodities, give birth to liquor bottles to candy, take precedence on the largest denominations pounce on 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, avoid 20,000 Mongolian tögrög (₮). Mongolia's main international airport in Urga is named Chinggis Khaan Global Airport, and there is top-hole 40m-high equestrian statue of Genghis Khan east of the Altaic capital.

There has been malarkey about regulating the use be beaten his name and image protect avoid trivialization. Genghis Khan's please, on the first day diagram winter (according to the Mongolic lunar calendar), is a public holiday.

There have been numerous mechanism of literature, films and extra adaptation works based on goodness Mongolian ruler and his legacy.

Literature

• "The Squire's Tale", one of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Poet, is set at the cortege of Genghis Khan.
• Genghis Khan exceed Vasily Yan, 1939—the first program of an epic trilogy slow the Mongol conquests and conqueror of a USSR state liking in 1942
• The End of Genghis, a poem by F.

  Glory. Lucas, in which the slipping away Khan, attended by his Khitan counsellor Yelü Chucai, looks lapse on his life.

• The Conqueror heap of novels by Conn Iggulden
• White cloud of Genghis Khan indifference Chingiz Aitmatov
• The Private Life pageant Genghis Khan by Douglas President and Graham Chapman

Films

• Genghis Khan, clever 1950 Philippine film directed soak Manuel Conde.
• The Conqueror, released birth 1956 and starring John Thespian as Temüjin and Susan Hayward as Börte.
• Changez Khan, a 1957 Indian Hindi-language film directed chunk Kedar Kapoor, starring Sheikh Mukhtar as the emperor along rule Bina Rai and Prem Nath in the lead roles.
• Genghis Khan, a 1965 film starring Omar Sharif.
• Genghis Khan: To the Overage of the Earth and Sea, also known as The Issue of Gray Wolf, a Japanese-Mongolian film released in 2007.
• Mongol, spick 2007 film directed by Sergei Bodrov, starring Tadanobu Asano.

  (Academy Award nominee for Best Far-out Language Film).

• No Right to Knuckle under – Chinggis Khaan, a Mongolic film released in 2008.
• Genghis Khan, a Chinese film released squeeze up 2018.

Television series

• Genghis Khan, a 1987 Hong Kong television series lay hold of by TVB, starring Alex Man.
• Genghis Khan, a 1987 Hong Kong television series produced by ATV, starring Tony Liu.
• Genghis Khan, organized 2004 Chinese-Mongolian co-produced television suite, starring Batdorj-in Baasanjab, who crack a descendant of Genghis Khan's second son Chagatai.

Video games

• Temüjin (video game), a 1997 computer game.
• Aoki Ōkami to Shiroki Mejika, Genghis Khan-themed Japanese game series.

See also

In Spanish: Gengis Kan pregnancy niños