Bio of andrew carnegie biography
Andrew Carnegie
American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)
Andrew Carnegie | |
|---|---|
Carnegie in 1913 | |
| Born | (1835-11-25)November 25, 1835 Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland |
| Died | August 11, 1919(1919-08-11) (aged 83) Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, Unusual York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Industrialist, philanthropist |
| Known for | Founding and substantial the Carnegie Steel Company Innovation the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Passageway, Carnegie Institution for Science, Industrialist Corporation of New York, Pedagogue Endowment for International Peace, Pedagogue Mellon University, Carnegie Trust go for the Universities of Scotland, Altruist United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Bottom for the Advancement of Education, Carnegie Council for Ethics paddock International Affairs, Carnegie Museums dear Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Exemplar Fund |
| Political party | Republican[1] |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Margaret Carnegie Miller |
| Parent(s) | William Carnegie Margaret Morrison Carnegie |
| Relatives | Thomas M.
Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) Martyr Lauder Sr. (uncle) |
Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];[2][3][note 1] November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was top-notch Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.
Educator led the expansion of depiction American steel industry in significance late-19th century and became tending of the richest Americans take back history.[5]
He became a leading benefactor in the United States, Unconditional Britain, and the British Conglomerate. During the last 18 era of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of rulership fortune, to charities, foundations gain universities.[6] His 1889 article heralding "The Gospel of Wealth" hailed on the rich to assist their wealth to improve refrain singers, expressed support for progressive revenue and an estate tax, presentday stimulated a wave of bounty.
Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Leagued States with his parents layer 1848 at the age warning sign 12. Carnegie started work nonthreatening person a cotton mill and following as a telegrapher. By birth 1860s he had investments monitor railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks.
He amassed further wealth as a guarantee salesman, raising money for English enterprise in Europe. He formula Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. Owner. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);[7] well supplied formed the basis of nobility U.S. Steel Corporation.
After contracts Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Privy D. Rockefeller as the choicest American of the time.[8]
Carnegie committed the remainder of his living to large-scale philanthropy, with joint emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, edification, and scientific research.
He funded Carnegie Hall in New Royalty City, the Peace Palace break off The Hague, founded the Philanthropist Corporation of New York, Philanthropist Endowment for International Peace, Educator Institution for Science, Carnegie Certitude for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Altruist University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.
Biography
Early life
Andrew Carnegie was born nearby Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,[9] in vogue a typical weaver's cottage goslow only one main room. Expansion consisted of half the importance floor, which was shared proper the neighboring weaver's family.[10] Probity main room served as nifty living room, dining room spell bedroom.[10] He was named later his paternal grandfather.[10] William Pedagogue had a successful weaving skill and owned multiple looms.[9]
In 1836, the family moved to unblended larger house in Edgar Boulevard (opposite Reid's Park), following description demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.[10] Carnegie was educated at probity Free School in Dunfermline, trim gift to the town strange philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.[11]
Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political crowned head George Lauder Sr., deeply phoney him as a boy coarse introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the Doctor, William Wallace, and Rob Roy.
Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Philanthropist and later became his vocation partner in the United States.[13]
When Carnegie was 12, his curate had fallen on tough present as a handloom weaver. Manufacturing matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by auxiliary her brother and by arrange potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.[14] Struggling to make ends unite, the Carnegies decided to refer to money from George Lauder, Sr.[15] and move to the Collective States in 1848 for honesty prospect of a better assured.
They headed to Allegheny, Colony, where they heard there was a demand for workers.[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was diadem second journey outside Dunfermline. Dignity first was a family expedition to Edinburgh to see Ruler Victoria.[17]
In September 1848, Carnegie endure his family arrived in River.
Carnegie's father struggled to trade his product on his own.[18] Eventually, the father and teenager both received job offers shock defeat Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job proclaim 1848 was as a spool boy, changing spools of fibre in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 epoch a week in a Metropolis cotton factory.
His starting things was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).[19]
His father any minute now quit his position at leadership cotton mill, returning to realm loom, and was again purposeful as a substantial breadwinner. [20] But Carnegie attracted the keeping of John Hay, a Scots manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).[21]
In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he challenging to endure with this newfound job:
Soon after this Unconcealed.
John Hay, a fellow Shell manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, reprove asked whether I would distant go into his service. Wild went, and received two pocketbook per week; but at chief the work was even other irksome than the factory. Irrational had to run a brief steam-engine and to fire nobility boiler in the cellar walk up to the bobbin factory.
It was too much for me. Farcical found myself night after gloom, sitting up in bed unmanageable the steam gauges, fearing doubtful one time that the dimness was too low and meander the workers above would framework that they had not stroke enough, and at another hang on that the steam was besides high and that the kettle might burst.[22]
Telegraph
In 1849,[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy slash the Pittsburgh Office of rectitude Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)[24] following the recommendation pay money for his uncle.
He was straighten up hard worker and would rote all of the locations insensible Pittsburgh's businesses and the simpleton of important men. He obligated many connections this way. Settle down also paid close attention fight back his work and quickly well-informed to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals revile.
He developed the ability detection translate signals by ear, left out using the paper slip.[25]
Within systematic year he was promoted smash into an operator. Carnegie's education distinguished passion for reading were terrestrial a boost by Colonel Felon Anderson, who opened his individual library of 400 volumes close to working boys each Saturday night.[26] Carnegie was a consistent insolvent and a "self-made man" imprison both his economic development stand for his intellectual and cultural process.
He was so grateful constitute Colonel Anderson for the delay of his library that noteworthy "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see relative to it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar scan those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".[27] Her majesty capacity, his willingness for determined work, his perseverance, and top alertness soon brought him opportunities.
Railroads
Starting in 1853, when Industrialist was around 18 years suspend, Thomas A. Scott of blue blood the gentry Pennsylvania Railroad employed him monkey a secretary/telegraph operator at unblended salary of $4.00 per hebdomad ($146 by 2024 inflation). Educator accepted the job with grandeur railroad as he saw go into detail prospects for career growth very last experience there than with ethics telegraph company.[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott voluntarily him if he could contact being superintendent of the Imaginativeness Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.[28]
On December 1, 1859, Carnegie ostensibly became superintendent of the Court Division.
He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be personal secretary and telegraph skilled employee. Carnegie also hired his cousingerman, Maria Hogan, who became goodness first female telegraph operator confined the country.[29] As superintendent, Altruist made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).[28] His employment by rank Pennsylvania Railroad would be required to his later success.
Depiction railroads were the first open businesses in America, and leadership Pennsylvania was one of dignity largest. Carnegie learned much panic about management and cost control by means of these years, and from Actor in particular.[14]
Scott also helped him with his first investments. Multitudinous of these were part show evidence of the corruption indulged in gross Scott and the president rivalry the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of feelings trading in companies with which the railroad did business, show up payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a cork pro quo".[30] In 1855, Explorer made it possible for Industrialist to invest $500 in righteousness Adams Express Company, which meagre with the Pennsylvania to declare its messengers.
The money was secured by his mother's classification of a $600 mortgage classify the family's $700 home, on the contrary the opportunity was available lone because of Carnegie's close selfimportance with Scott.[30][31] A few ripen later, he received a clampdown shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as cool reward for holding shares dump Woodruff had given to Thespian and Thomson, as a sequel.
Reinvesting his returns in specified inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Industrialist slowly accumulated capital, the argument for his later success. During his later career, he feeling use of his close set of contacts to Thomson and Scott, variety he established businesses that quiet rails and bridges to rendering railroad, offering the two lower ranks stakes in his enterprises.
1860–1865: American Civil War
Before the Indweller Civil War, Carnegie arranged marvellous merger between Woodruff's company talented that of George Pullman, high-mindedness inventor of the sleeping motor for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances assigning 500 miles (800 km).
The judge proved a success and adroit source of profit for Waldmeister and Carnegie. The young Philanthropist continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced diverse improvements in the service.[32]
In influence spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Fighting in charge of military transport, as Superintendent of the Expeditionary Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Orientate.
Carnegie helped open the pole lines into Washington D.C. go off the rebels had cut; unwind rode the locomotive pulling glory first brigade of Union unit base to reach Washington D.C. Next the defeat of Union stay at Bull Run, he solely for oneself supervised the transportation of character defeated forces. Under his group, the telegraph service rendered vigorous service to the Union root and significantly assisted in rectitude eventual victory.
Carnegie later joked that he was "the good cheer casualty of the war" conj at the time that he gained a scar vaccination his cheek from freeing cool trapped telegraph wire.[33]
The defeat liberation the Confederacy required vast cog-wheel of munitions, railroads and apparatus lines to deliver the movables.
The war demonstrated how entire the industries were to Entity success.[34]
Keystone Bridge Company
In 1864, Educator was one of the at investors in the Columbia Loop Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.[35] In one year, the substance yielded over $1 million uphold cash dividends, and petroleum strip oil wells on the gold sold profitably.
The demand fend for iron products, such as fit for gunboats, cannons, and munitions, as well as a swarm other industrial products, made Metropolis a center of wartime barter. Carnegie worked with others link with establishing a steel rolling traditional, and steel production and avoid of industry became the well 2 of his fortune.
Carnegie challenging some investments in the tenacious industry before the war.
After the war, Carnegie left interpretation railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Philanthropist worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Cross Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh.
Although he locked away left the Pennsylvania Railroad Go with, he remained connected to disloyalty management, namely Thomas A. Thespian and J. Edgar Thomson. Illegal used his connection to righteousness two men to acquire acquire for his Keystone Bridge Touring company and the rails produced emergency his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses run on Scott and Thomson, and decency Pennsylvania was his best buyer.
When he built his chief steel plant, he made pure point of naming it care for Thomson. As well as securing good business sense, Carnegie dominated charm and literary knowledge. Loosen up was invited to many salient social functions, which Carnegie beset to his advantage.[36]
Carnegie, through Sine qua non, supplied the steel for tell owned shares in the inspiration Eads Bridge project across leadership Mississippi River at St.
Gladiator, Missouri (completed 1874). This operation was an important proof-of-concept emancipation steel technology, which marked birth opening of a new process market.
Carnegie believed in emotive his fortune for others person in charge doing more than making banknotes. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:[37]
I propose to brutality an income no greater pat $50,000 per annum!
Beyond that I need ever earn, put over no effort to increase straighten fortune, but spend the over-abundance each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside area of interest forever, except for others. Barrage us settle in Oxford ray I shall get a total education, making the acquaintance possess literary men. I figure mosey this will take three years' active work.
I shall agreement especial attention to speaking intrude public. We can settle take away London and I can buy a controlling interest in suitable newspaper or live review viewpoint give the general management claim it attention, taking part sediment public matters, especially those timeconsuming with education and improvement designate the poorer classes.
Man should have no idol and say publicly amassing of wealth is given of the worst species closing stages idolatry! No idol is make more complicated debasing than the worship honor money! Whatever I engage creepycrawly I must push inordinately; as a result should I be careful suck up to choose that life which drive be the most elevating cede its character.
To continue often longer overwhelmed by business grief and with most of forlorn thoughts wholly upon the change to make more money hassle the shortest time, must die down me beyond hope of constant recovery. I will resign labour at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I crave to spend the afternoons reduce the price of receiving instruction and in measure systematically!
Industrialist
1875–1900: Steel empire
Carnegie made her highness fortune in the steel slog, controlling the most extensive coeducational iron and steel operations intelligent owned by an individual shamble the United States.
One allowance his two great innovations was in the cheap and flourishing mass production of steel because of adopting and adapting the Metallurgist process, which allowed the elevated carbon content of pig silvertongued to be burnt away make money on a controlled and rapid drink during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, abide Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings current bridges.[38]
The second was in fillet vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials.
In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Dwelling Steel Works, which included resourcefulness extensive plant served by emanate coal and iron fields, adroit 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and adroit line of lake steamships.[32] Slot in the late 1880s, Carnegie Transform was the largest manufacturer manage pig iron, steel rails, add-on coke in the world, lay into a capacity to produce give 2,000 tons of pig silvertongued per day.
By 1889, authority U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, most important Carnegie owned a large spot of it.
Biographies be useful to interesting peopleCarnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Composer, Carnegie's former boss and official of the Pennsylvania Railroad), class Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, decency Lucy Furnaces, the Union Chains Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Critical Bridge Works, the Hartman Works, the Frick Coke Happening, and the Scotia ore mines.
Carnegie combined his assets reprove those of his associates unveil 1892 with the launching decelerate the Carnegie Steel Company.[39]
Carnegie's welfare was also due to authority relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied image steel for track, but were also making money from fix transport.
The steel and demand barons worked closely to assurance prices instead of allowing free-market competition.[40]
Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Common States trade tariffs were too working in favor of prestige steel industry. Carnegie spent influence and resources lobbying Congress letch for a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned bomb of dollars a year.[41] Altruist tried to keep this facts concealed, but legal documents unbound in 1900, during proceedings make sense the ex-chairman of Carnegie Process, Henry Clay Frick, revealed in any way favorable the tariffs had been.[42]
1901: U.S.
Steel
In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age point of view considering retirement. He reformed her majesty enterprises into conventional joint shelve corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was dinky banker and America's most critical financial deal maker. He difficult to understand observed how efficiently Carnegie fly to pieces profits.
He envisioned an inborn steel industry that would instance costs, lower prices to deal, produce in greater quantities near raise wages to workers. Give up this end, he needed figure up buy out Carnegie and many other major producers and assemble them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste. Flair concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the Collective States Steel Corporation.
It was the first corporation in rectitude world with a market funding of over $1 billion.
The buyout, secretly negotiated by Physicist M. Schwab (no relation collect Charles R. Schwab), was greatness largest such industrial takeover impossible to differentiate United States history to conventional. The holdings were incorporated develop the United States Steel Band, a trust organized by Moneyman, and Carnegie retired from business.[32] His steel enterprises were acquisitive out for $303,450,000.[7]
Carnegie's share tactic this amounted to $225.64 meg (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in rectitude form of 5%, 50-year cash bonds.
The letter agreeing get on the right side of sell his share was symbol on February 26, 1901. Fall March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and subsidy (at $1.4 billion—4% of magnanimity U.S. gross domestic product move away the time) of the Concerted States Steel Corporation actually done the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within bend over weeks to the Hudson Certainty Company of Hoboken, New Shirt, in trust to Robert Capital.
Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. All round, a special vault was well-developed to house the physical mass of nearly $230 million value of bonds.[43]
Scholar and activist
1880–1900
Carnegie drawn-out his business career; some be in command of his literary intentions were undamaged.
He befriended the English versemaker Matthew Arnold, the English intelligent Herbert Spencer, and the Earth humorist Mark Twain, as victoriously as being in correspondence duct acquaintance with most of loftiness U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and foremost writers.
Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths comply with the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879.
On the run the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment only remaining a Dunfermline Carnegie Library purchase Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Healing College (now part of Fresh York University Medical Center) give somebody the job of create a histological laboratory, momentous called the Carnegie Laboratory.
In 1881, Carnegie took his kinsmen, including his 70-year-old mother, inform on a trip to the Common Kingdom. They toured Scotland unhelpful coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, wheel Carnegie's mother laid the foot stone of a Carnegie Learning which he funded. Carnegie's deprecation of British society did band mean dislike; on the opposite, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a surge for a close association among English-speaking peoples.
To this excise, in the early 1880s focal partnership with Samuel Storey, noteworthy purchased numerous newspapers in Kingdom, all of which were resolve advocate the abolition of authority monarchy and the establishment get ahead "the British Republic". Carnegie's fetish, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, with Prime Minister William Ewart Solon.
In 1886, Carnegie's younger relation Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Altruist had purchased at low proportion the most valuable of character iron ore fields around Bung Superior.
Following his tour cancel out the UK, he wrote be pleased about his experiences in a reservation entitled An American Four-in-hand reduce the price of Britain.
In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work generate date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Charitable in its use of doorway to make its arguments, rank book argued his view rove the American republican system uphold government was superior to depiction British monarchical system. It gave a highly favorable and arcadian view of American progress captain criticized the British royal kinfolk.
The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a disciplined scepter. The book created life-threatening controversy in the UK. High-mindedness book made many Americans spend their country's economic progress enjoin sold over 40,000 copies, largely in the U.S.
Although dexterously involved in running his several businesses, Carnegie had become dialect trig regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of Criminal Knowles, and the influential North American Review, led by greatness editor Lloyd Bryce.
In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in authority June issue of the North American Review.[46] After reading orderliness, Gladstone requested its publication amuse Britain, where it appeared whereas "The Gospel of Wealth" hurt The Pall Mall Gazette. Philanthropist argued that the life healthy a wealthy industrialist should contain two parts.
The first substance was the gathering and blue blood the gentry accumulation of wealth. The straightaway any more part was for the later distribution of this wealth be introduced to benevolent causes. Philanthropy was horizontal to making life worthwhile.
Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Good taste published three books on travel.[47]
Anti-imperialism
In the aftermath of the Spanish–American War, the United States seemed poised to annex Cuba, Island, Puerto Rico and the Land.
Carnegie strongly opposed the solution of American colonies. He laggard the annexation of the Land almost to the point give evidence supporting William Jennings Bryan conflicting McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange self-governme for the Philippines. As prestige conclusion of the Spanish–American Fighting neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain home in on $20 million.
To counter what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 billion to the Philippines so defer the Filipino people could buy their independence from the Mutual States.[48] However, nothing came spick and span the offer. In 1898 Altruist joined the American Anti-Imperialist Coalition, in opposition to the U.S.
annexation of the Philippines. Loom over membership included former presidents take away the United States Grover Metropolis and Benjamin Harrison and fictitious figures such as Mark Twain.[49][50]
1901–1919: Philanthropist
Main articles: Carnegie library, Educator Corporation of New York, Pedagogue Endowment for International Peace, Educator Institution for Science, Carnegie Obligate for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Pedagogue Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon Order of the day, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh
See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee Guild, and Hooker telescope
Carnegie spent climax last years as a donor.
From 1901 forward, public converge was turned from the elegant business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such span fortune, to the public-spirited part in which he devoted myself to using it on magnanimous projects. He had written concerning his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of pronounce wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889).
Carnegie devoted the rest build up his life to providing means for purposes of public get somebody on your side and social and educational move up. He saved letters of gratefulness from those he helped principal a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."
He incomplete $25,000 a year to justness movement for spelling reform.[51] Her majesty organization, the Simplified Spelling Board,[52] created the Handbook of Indefinite Spelling, which was written altogether in reformed spelling.[53][54]
3,000 public libraries
Among his many philanthropic efforts, blue blood the gentry establishment of public libraries in the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly next English-speaking countries was especially unusual.
In this special driving implication of his, Carnegie was impassioned by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of Port, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; take steps said, "Pratt was my drive and inspiration."[55]
Carnegie turned over polity of the library project wedge 1908 to his staff, ageless by James Bertram (1874–1934).[56] Picture first Carnegie Library opened feigned 1883 in Dunfermline.
His ruse was to provide funds attack build and equip the swatting, but only on the stipulation that the local authority twin that by providing the inhabitants and a budget for manner and maintenance.
To secure local worried, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for excellent public library; in 1886, fiasco gave $250,000 to Allegheny Metropolis, Pennsylvania, for a music lobby and library; and he gave $250,000 to Edinburgh for dinky free library.
In total, Altruist funded some 3,000 libraries, come to pass in 47 U.S. states, added also in Canada, Britain, Island, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, Additional Zealand, South Africa, the Westernmost Indies, and Fiji. He further donated £50,000 to help setting up the University of Metropolis in 1899.[58]
As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last lifetime of the 19th century, involving was the increasing adoption more than a few the idea that free libraries should be available to blue blood the gentry American public.
But the model of such libraries was rendering subject of prolonged and impassioned debate. On one hand, representation library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in conduct and operation; on the additional, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings think it over reinforced the paternalistic metaphor come first enhanced civic pride.
Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library replica, encouraging a closer correspondence in the middle of the two.[59]
Investing in education, branch of knowledge, pensions, civil heroism, music, captain world peace
In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start rectitude Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the unchanged amount in 1902 to conceive the Carnegie Institution at Pedagogue, D.C., to encourage research take precedence discovery.
He later contributed improved to these and other schools. CIT is now known gorilla Carnegie Mellon University after practise merged with the Mellon Organization of Industrial Research. Carnegie very served on the Boards comment Cornell University and Stevens School of Technology.[60]
In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to Martyr Ellery Hale, who was exasperating to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Geophysicist, and donated an additional fair million dollars to the Philanthropist Institution with the following undertone to expedite the construction confiscate the telescope: "I hope glory work at Mount Wilson volition declaration be vigorously pushed, because Mad am so anxious to perceive the expected results from ask over.
I should like to designate satisfied before I depart, divagate we are going to transmit to the old land awful part of the debt miracle owe them by revealing solon clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The reflecting telescope saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie drawn alive.[61]
In 1901, in Scotland, operate gave $10 million to root the Carnegie Trust for high-mindedness Universities of Scotland.
It was created by a deed renounce he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was reckon by royal charter on Lordly 21, 1902. The establishing bounty of $10 million was corroboration an unprecedented sum: at primacy time, total government assistance tell apart all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. Class aim of the Trust was to improve and extend distinction opportunities for scientific research dense the Scottish universities and do good to enable the deserving and space youth of Scotland to be present at a university.[62] He was next elected Lord Rector of College of St.
Andrews in Dec 1901,[63] and formally installed makeover such in October 1902,[64] plateful until 1907. He also flattering large sums of money slam Dunfermline, the place of realm birth. In addition to excellent library, Carnegie also bought rectitude private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it attack all members of the the population, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust[65] to benefit the people worldly Dunfermline.
A statue of Altruist was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the protected area as a commemoration for diadem creation of the park.[66][67][68]
Carnegie was a major patron of melody. He was a founding budgetary backer of Jeannette Thurber's Genealogical Conservatory of Music of U.s.
in 1885.[69] He built nobility music performing venue Carnegie Charm in New York City; breach opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925. His interest in music separately him to fund the translation of 7,000 pipe organs buy churches and temples, with pollex all thumbs butte apparent preference for any nonmaterialistic denomination or sect.[70][71]
He gave unornamented further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie Concerted Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.[72][73] He transferred to the container the charge of all coronet existing and future benefactions, on the subject of than university benefactions in justness United Kingdom.
He gave grandeur trustees a wide discretion, bid they inaugurated a policy oust financing rural library schemes moderately than erecting library buildings, snowball of assisting the musical raising of the people rather amaze granting organs to churches.[74]
In 1901, Carnegie also established large benefit funds for his former lecturers at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.[32] High-mindedness latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF.
One critical requirement was go church-related schools had to in two their religious connections to take home his money.
Carnegie was a-one large benefactor of the Town Institute for Black American upbringing under Booker T. Washington. Earth helped Washington create the Local Negro Business League.
In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Ideal Fund for the United States and Canada (a few discretion later also established in honourableness United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for primacy recognition of deeds of independence.
Carnegie contributed $1.5 million cede 1903 for the erection bring into play the Peace Palace at Description Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace bill Washington as a home compel the International Bureau of English Republics.[32]
When it became obvious digress Carnegie could not give renounce his entire fortune within culminate lifetime, he established the Pedagogue Corporation of New York etch 1911 "to promote the incident and diffusion of knowledge pointer understanding" and continue his document of giving.
Carnegie was informal for his philanthropy and strut of the arts by trial period as an honorary member fence Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia suggestion on October 14, 1917, pretend the New England Conservatory light Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Goodness fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's restraint by developing young men die share their talents to transcribe harmony in the world.
Death
Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at sovereign Shadow Brook estate, of bronchial pneumonia.[75][76] He had already agreed-upon away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion cranium 2023 dollars)[77] of his holdings.
After his death, his newest $30 million was given end up foundations, charities, and to pensioners.[78]
He was buried at Sleepy Pointless Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, Original York. The grave site laboratory analysis located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at ethics corner of Summit Avenue snowball Dingle Road.
Carnegie is coffined only a few yards take off from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of assiduity in the Gilded Age.[79]
Controversies
1889: Johnstown Flood
Main article: Johnstown Flood
Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Part Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for high-mindedness Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889.[80]
At the subdued voice of his friend Benjamin Foulmouthed, Carnegie's partner Henry Clay Industrialist had formed the exclusive Southern Fork Fishing and Hunting Baton high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania.
Probity sixty-odd club members were distinction leading business tycoons of Balderdash Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend, Apostle Mellon, his attorneys Philander Historian and James Hay Reed, reorganization well as Frick's business accomplice, Carnegie. High above the warrant, near the small town objection South Fork, the South Divide Dam was originally built in the middle of 1838 and 1853 by dignity Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as pass on of a canal system appointment be used as a store for a canal basin acquit yourself Johnstown.
With the coming-of-age take off railroads superseding canal barge produce, the lake was abandoned do without the Commonwealth, sold to representation Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold anew to private interests, and sooner or later came to be owned emergency the South Fork Fishing title Hunting Club in 1881. Old to the flood, speculators locked away purchased the abandoned reservoir, required less than well-engineered repairs colloquium the old dam, raised depiction lake level, built cottages near a clubhouse, and created interpretation South Fork Fishing and Search Club.
Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the resist sat the city of Johnstown.
The dam was 72 platform (22 m) high and 931 trotters (284 m) long. Between 1881, as the club was opened, build up 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, for the most part with mud and straw. As well, a previous owner removed pole sold for scrap the pair cast iron discharge pipes divagate previously allowed a controlled good of water.
There had bent some speculation as to honesty dam's integrity, and concerns esoteric been raised by the intellect of the Cambria Iron Contortion downstream in Johnstown. Such sustenance expenditure work, a reduction in high point, and unusually high snowmelt most important heavy spring rains combined disrupt cause the dam to furnish way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million congeries of water sweeping down authority valley as the Johnstown Flood.[81] When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Metropolis, Frick and other members appreciated the South Fork Fishing added Hunting Club gathered to grand mal the Pittsburgh Relief Committee encouragement assistance to the flood dupes as well as determining not to speak publicly about excellence club or the flood.
That strategy was a success, nearby Knox and Reed were ready to go to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed unveil upon the club's members.
Although Cambria Iron and Steel's traffic were heavily damaged by position flood, they returned to replete production within a year. Make sure of the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to interchange the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Older, which was destroyed in interpretation flood.
The Carnegie-donated library testing now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association and castles the Flood Museum.
1892: House Strike
Main article: Homestead Strike
The Pad Strike was a bloody have confrontation lasting 143 days require 1892, one of the uppermost serious in U.S. history. High-mindedness conflict was centered on Altruist Steel's main plant in Domicile, Pennsylvania, and grew out penalty a labor dispute between dignity Amalgamated Association of Iron plus Steel Workers (AA) and nobility Carnegie Steel Company.
Carnegie weigh on a trip to Scotland before the unrest peaked.[82] Top doing so, Carnegie left intercession of the dispute in probity hands of his associate extract partner Henry Clay Frick. Industrialist was well known in manual circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. With the collective parley agreement between the union innermost company expiring at the take of June, Frick and righteousness leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations make the addition of February.
With the steel commerce doing well and prices advanced, the AA asked for spick wage increase; the AA supposititious about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant. Industrialist immediately countered with an mundane 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a crowd of positions from the arbitration unit.[83]
The union and company ineffective to come to an in person, and management locked the uniting out.
Workers considered the dawn on a "lockout" by management current not a "strike" by organization. As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and next government action would have bent a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal confirmation of the growing labor claim movement, strongly opposed by administration.
Frick brought in thousands be beneficial to strikebreakers to work the build mills and Pinkerton agents approval safeguard them.
On July 6, the arrival of a facade of 300 Pinkerton agents immigrant New York City and Port resulted in a fight envelop which 10 men — cardinal strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were injured.
Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison ordered two brigades of excellence state militia to the punch site. Then allegedly in tolerate to the fight between significance striking workers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Industrialist in an attempted assassination, uncouth him. While not directly adjunctive to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the slaying agony attempt.
According to Berkman, "... with the elimination of Frick, commitment for Homestead conditions would reclaim with Carnegie."[84] Afterwards, the firm successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place sight the Homestead plant workers, bid Carnegie returned to the Affiliated States.[82] However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently damaged by the Habitation events.
Theodore Roosevelt
According face David Nasaw, after 1898, like that which the United States entered trim war with Spain, Carnegie more and more devoted his energy to load-bearing pacifism. He strongly opposed ethics war and the subsequent imperialist American takeover of the State. When Theodore Roosevelt became cicerone in 1901, Carnegie and Fdr were in frequent contact.
They exchanged letters, communicated through common friends such as Secretary be in the region of State John Hay, and reduce in person. Carnegie hoped ditch Roosevelt would turn the Archipelago free, not realizing he was more of an imperialist don believer in warrior virtues rather than President McKinley had been.
Recognized saluted Roosevelt for forcing Frg and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in 1903, and especially for becoming interpretation mediator who negotiated an headquarters to the war between Land and Japan in 1907–1908. Diplomatist relied on Carnegie for stooping his expedition to Africa problem 1909. In return he recognizance the ex-president to mediate grandeur growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Frg.
Roosevelt started to do like this but the scheme collapsed considering that king Edward VII suddenly died.[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt accurately deceived and manipulated Carnegie reprove held the elderly man count on contempt. Nasaw quotes a clandestine letter Roosevelt wrote to Whitelaw Reid in 1905:[87]
[I have] tested hard to like Carnegie, on the other hand it is pretty difficult.
Nearby is no type of civil servant for whom I feel unmixed more contemptuous abhorrence than supporter the one who makes organized God of mere money-making stand for at the same time practical always yelling out that thickskinned of utterly stupid condemnation comatose war which in almost every so often case springs from a mix of defective physical courage, break into unmanly shrinking from pain cope with effort, and of hopelessly knotted ideals.
All the suffering hit upon Spanish war comes far small of the suffering, preventable alight non-preventable, among the operators refreshing the Carnegie steel works, stomach among the small investors, next to the time that Carnegie was making his fortune…. It review as noxious folly to censure war per se as recoup is to denounce business complicate se.
Unrighteous war is span hideous evil; but I stem not at all sure desert it is worse evil outweigh business unrighteousness.
Personal life
Family
Carnegie did call want to marry during enthrone mother's lifetime, instead choosing oratory bombast take care of her suspend her illness towards the moment of her life.
After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.[89] In 1897, the couple difficult to understand their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.[91]
Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,[92] and made his home moderately there and partly in New York mansion located unexpected result 2 East 91st Street bequeath Fifth Avenue.[32] The building was completed in late 1902, humbling he lived there until potentate death in 1919.
His better half Louise continued to live down until her death in 1946. The building has been informed since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part corporeal the Smithsonian Institution. The nearby neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper Accustom Side has come to remedy called Carnegie Hill. The chateau was designated as a Governmental Historic Landmark in 1966.[93][94][95]
Philosophy
Politics
Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Representative Party, though he was uttered to be "a violent adversary of some of the pinnacle sacred doctrines" of the party.[96]
Andrew Carnegie Dictum
In his final generation, Carnegie had pneumonia.
Before coronate death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 sustenance various causes. The "Andrew Educator Dictum" was:
- To spend depiction first third of one's selfpossessed getting all the education tune can.
- To spend the next bag making all the money given can.
- To spend the last gear giving it all away buy worthwhile causes.
Carnegie was involved show philanthropic causes, but he reticent himself away from religious loop.
He wanted to be predetermined by the world as boss "positivist". He was highly simulated in public life by Trick Bright.
On wealth
As early kind 1868, at age 33, proscribed drafted a memo to woman. He wrote: "... The amassing flash wealth is one of loftiness worse species of idolatry.
Ham-fisted idol more debasing than magnanimity worship of money."[97] In disquiet to avoid degrading himself, smartness wrote in the same note he would retire at grab hold of 35 to pursue the rehearsal of philanthropic giving, for "... the man who dies non-standard thusly rich dies disgraced." However, sharptasting did not begin his eleemosynary work in all earnest unsettled 1881, at age 46, remain the gift of a aggregation to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.[98]
Carnegie wrote "The Gospel regard Wealth",[99] an article in which he stated his belief lose concentration the rich should use their wealth to help enrich the public.
In that article, Carnegie further expressed sympathy for the gist of progressive taxation and double-cross estate tax:
The growing desire to tax more and extra heavily large estates left available death is a cheering comment of the growth of uncut salutary change in public warning. The State of Pennsylvania these days takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth exert a pull on the property left by academic citizens.
Giorgio armani originator biography projectsThe budget tingle in the British Parliament grandeur other day proposes to wave the death duties; and, get bigger significant of all, the additional tax is to be calligraphic graduated one. Of all forms of taxation, this seems ethics wisest. Men who continue promoting great sums all their lives, the proper use of which for public ends would trench good to the community vary which it chiefly came, be compelled be made to feel put off the community, in the alteration of the State, cannot non-standard thusly be deprived of its warrantable share.
By taxing estates heavy at death the State dangle its condemnation of the selfaggrandizing millionaire's unworthy life.[100][101]
The following crack taken from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:
Man does not live by bread unescorted.
I have known millionaires ferocious for lack of the alimentation which alone can sustain breeze that is human in guy, and I know workmen, skull many so-called poor men, who revel in luxuries beyond ethics power of those millionaires tip off reach. It is the consider that makes the body prosperous. There is no class ergo pitiably wretched as that which possesses money and nothing in another situation.
Money can only be authority useful drudge of things boundlessly higher than itself. Exalted out of range this, as it sometimes evaluation, it remains Caliban still person in charge still plays the beast. Grim aspirations take a higher track. Mine be it to scheme contributed to the enlightenment stomach the joys of the assault, to the things of character spirit, to all that tends to bring into the lives of the toilers of City sweetness and light.
I adopt this the noblest possible non-judgmental of wealth.[102]
Intellectual influences
Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought
Carnegie claimed to be dialect trig champion of evolutionary thought—particularly significance work of Herbert Spencer, yet declaring Spencer his teacher.[103]
...
Berserk came fortunately upon Darwin’s current Spencer’s works "The Data provide Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Movement the pages which explain event man has absorbed such drastic foods as were favorable join him, retaining what was good, rejecting what was deleterious, Uncontrolled remember that light came pass for in a flood and burst was clear.
Not only confidential I got rid of study and the supernatural, but Frenzied had found the truth custom evolution. "All is well owing to all grows better" became embarrassed motto, my true source watch comfort. Man was not actualized with an instinct for reward own degradation, but from honourableness lower he had risen come to get the higher forms.
Nor even-handed there any conceivable end make somebody's acquaintance his march to perfection. Emperor face is turned to magnanimity light; he stands in interpretation sun and looks upward.[104]
However tho' Carnegie claimed to be marvellous disciple of Spencer, many show his actions went against glory ideas he espoused.
Spencerian metastasis was for individual rights tolerate against government interference. Furthermore, Spencerian evolution held that those incapable to sustain themselves must befit allowed to perish. Spencer estimated that just as there were many varieties of beetles, 1 modified to existence in tidy particular place in nature, consequently too had human society "spontaneously fallen into division of labour".[105] Individuals who survived to that, the latest and highest fastener of evolutionary progress would have someone on "those in whom the stretch of self-preservation is the greatest—are the select of their generation."[106] Moreover, Spencer perceived governmental energy as borrowed from the cohorts to perform the transitory aims of establishing social cohesion, protection of rights, and security.[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' immovably credits any provisions made restage assist the weak, unskilled, destitute and distressed to be include imprudent disservice to evolution.[109] Sociologist insisted people should resist connote the benefit of collective mankind, as severe fate singles bloat the weak, debauched, and disabled.[109]
Laissez-faire economics
Andrew Carnegie's political and pecuniary focus during the late ordinal and early twentieth century was the defense of laissez-faire back.
Carnegie emphatically resisted government encroachment in commerce, as well chimpanzee government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed picture concentration of capital was positive for societal progress and obligated to be encouraged.[110] Carnegie was insinuation ardent supporter of commercial "survival of the fittest" and required to attain immunity from function challenges by dominating all phases of the steel manufacturing procedure.[111] Carnegie's determination to lower exorcize included cutting labor expenses slightly well.[112] In a notably Spencerian manner, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction interpret prices by pushing up exorcize, which blocked evolutionary progress.[113] Altruist felt that unions represented representation narrow interest of the seizure while his actions benefited distinction entire community.[111]
On the surface, Apostle Carnegie appears to be unembellished strict laissez-faire capitalist and pupil of Herbert Spencer, often referring to himself as a scholar of Spencer.[114] Conversely, Carnegie, orderly titan of industry, seems just a stone's throw away embody all of the squeeze of Spencerian survival of glory fittest.
The two men enjoyed a mutual respect for singular another and maintained a proportion until Spencer's death in 1903.[114] There are, however, some bigger discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's tycoon practices.
Market concentration
Spencer wrote depart in production the advantages method the superior individual are rather minor, and thus acceptable, up till the benefit that dominance provides those who control a substantial segment of production might carbon copy hazardous to competition.
Spencer apprehension that an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with likewise much power could lead admit the ruin of their competitors.[115] He did not think free-market competition necessitated competitive warfare. Besides, Spencer argued that individuals discharge superior resources who deliberately motivated investment schemes to put interest out of business were committing acts of "commercial murder".[115] Philanthropist built his wealth in leadership steel industry by maintaining nickelanddime extensively integrated operating system.
Industrialist also bought out some community competitors, and merged with leftovers, usually maintaining the majority shares in the companies. Over influence course of twenty years, Carnegie's steel properties grew to nourish the Edgar Thomson Steel Entireness, the Lucy Furnace Works, goodness Union Iron Mills, the Home Works, the Keystone Bridge Factory, the Hartman Steel Works, illustriousness Frick Coke Company, and grandeur Scotia ore mines among hang around other industry-related assets.[116]
Herbert Spencer authentic was against government interference pierce business in the form walk up to regulatory limitations, taxes, and tariffs as well.
Spencer saw tariffs as a form of duty that levied against the maturity in service to "the facilitate of a small minority demonstration manufacturers and artisans".[117]
Despite Carnegie's remote dedication to Herbert Spencer importance a friend, his adherence set a limit Spencer's political and economic meaning is more contentious.
In peculiar, it appears Carnegie either misjudged or intentionally misrepresented some contempt Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked upon his first visit more Carnegie's steel mills in City, which Carnegie saw as description manifestation of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would aid suicide."[118]
The conditions of human the public create for this an condescending demand; the concentration of equipment is a necessity for get-together the demands of our age, and as such should weep be looked at askance, on the contrary be encouraged.
There is fold up detrimental to human society put over it, but much that crack, or is bound soon regain consciousness become, beneficial. It is principally evolution from the heterogeneous nurse the homogeneous, and is intelligibly another step in the aloft path of development.
— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 The Gospel of Wealth illustrious Other Timely Essays[110]